Category Archives: Cloud Computing
Global Cloud Computing Services Market 2020: Expected Development, Share, Demand And Study Of Key Players- Research Predictions 2026 – Cole of Duty
The recently published research report entitled Global Cloud Computing Services Market sheds light on critical aspects of the market like market size estimations, company and market best practices, market dynamics, market segmentation, competitive landscaping and benchmarking, opportunity analysis, economic forecasting, industry-specific technology solutions, guideline analysis, and in-depth benchmarking of vendor offerings. The report provides a clear understanding of the current and future scenarios and trends of the global Cloud Computing Services market. The report tracks an array of important market-related aspects which can be listed as follows; the demand and supply chain, the competitive landscape, leading industries shares, profit margin, and profiles of leading companies of the global market.
This report takes into account the current and future impacts of COVID-19 on this industry and offers you an in-depth analysis of Global Trans Resveratrol Market.
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Competitive Analysis:
The section offers great insights such as market revenue and market share of the global Cloud Computing Services market. The report explains a competitive edge over players competitors. Leading as well as prominent players of the global market are broadly studied on the basis of key factors. The report offers a comprehensive analysis and accurate statistics on sales by the player for the period 2015-2020. The report includes the forecasts, analysis, and discussion of important industry trends, market size, market share estimates, and profiles of the leading industry players. Company profile section of players such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft, IBM, Aliyun, Google Cloud Platform, Salesforce, Rackspace, SAP, Oracle, Vmware, DELL, EMC,
Product segment analysis:
Application segment analysis: Cloud IoT Services, Carrier Cloud Services,
To comprehend global Cloud Computing Services market dynamics in the world mainly, the worldwide market is analyzed across major global regions: North America (United States, Canada, Mexico), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam), Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, Russia, Rest of Europe), Central & South America (Brazil, Rest of South America), Middle East & Africa (GCC Countries, Turkey, Egypt, South Africa, Rest of Middle East & Africa)
Moreover, the report elaborates different internal and external factors of the global Cloud Computing Services market. It uses numerous graphical presentation techniques such as graphs, tables, charts, pictures, and flowcharts. The report further focuses on market dynamics, growth drivers, developing market segments, and the market growth curve based on past, present, and future market data. The up-to-date, complete product knowledge, end-users, industry growth will drive profitability and revenue. Various important factors such as market trends, revenue growth patterns market shares, and demand and supply are included in the market research report for every industry.
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Emerging Cloud Vendors To Know In 2020 – CRN: Technology news for channel partners and solution providers
The New Generation Of Cloud Companies Cloud computing, somewhat ironically, was supposed to make IT simpler. No more in-house servers and storage systems to manage just leave it to the cloud service providers and their IaaS and SaaS offerings.
The reality is that IT complexity has increased as IT executives find themselves managing hybrid-cloud, multi-cloud, private cloud and public cloud systems. And many of the systems management tools they relied on in the past just arent up to the task.A new generation of startups is developing the tools and technologies businesses need to deploy, monitor, manage and secure todays hybrid-cloud and multi-cloud infrastructure and application systems.
As part of CRNs Emerging Vendors for 2020, here are nine hot cloud startups, founded in 2014 or later, that solution providers should be aware of.
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Emerging Cloud Vendors To Know In 2020 - CRN: Technology news for channel partners and solution providers
Oracle Announces a Fully-Managed Cloud Region with Cloud@Customer – InfoQ.com
In a recent press release, Oracle announced a fully-managed dedicated cloud region providing a full stack of Oracles public cloud services, including Oracle Autonomous Database and Cloud applications, to customer data centers. The region brings all of Oracles second-generation cloud services starting from $500K USD per month.
Some enterprises are reluctant to move away from their data centers to the public cloud because of massive investments in specific architectures, latency, and governmental data regulations. To meet these enterprises, Oracle offers a fully-managed Oracle Cloud Infrastructure region inside their data center called Dedicated Region Cloud@Customer. Clay Magouyrk, executive vice president of engineering, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, said in the press release:
Enterprise customers have told us that they want the full experience of a public cloud on-premises, including access to all of Oracles cloud services, to run their most important workloads. With Oracle Dedicated Region Cloud@Customer, enterprises get all of our second-generation cloud services, including Autonomous Database, in their datacenters.
Source: https://www.oracle.com/corporate/pressrelease/oracle-dedicated-region-cloud-at-customer-070820.html
The Cloud@customer offering includes full management capabilities and access to new features and functions the moment they become available in Oracles public cloud. Furthermore:
Source (screenshot): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Mv_sfaA8LU
Many of Oracles competitors, such as Microsoft and Amazon, offer hybrid cloud computing offerings like Azure Stack and AWS Outposts to allow customers to use cloud technology in their datacenters. However, with this approach, customers rely on their hardware, running the cloud providers software. Oracles strategy is that it asks customers for space in their data centers,subsequently dropping the hardand software and thus providingall the same services as if Oracle owned the data center and handledall maintenance.
Oracle executive chairman, CTO and co-founder Larry Ellison said in an Oracle Live Zoom presentation:
No one, not Amazon, not Microsoft, not Google, nobody gives you a complete public cloud, behind your firewall, dedicated to you. This is a first in the cloud industry.
Customers can get the Cloud@customer offering for a minimum contract commitment of three years at $500K USD per year. More details on pricing are available on the Oracle price list.
More:
Oracle Announces a Fully-Managed Cloud Region with Cloud@Customer - InfoQ.com
Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market 2020-2025 Global In-depth Industry Analysis By Types, Applications, Size, Share, Competition,…
Global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market study delivers an in-depth study of the business space as well as the thorough overview of the number of significant segments. This research study on the Global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market has been designed through complete primary research as well as secondary research methodologies. Furthermore, a separate analysis of present and future trends in the Global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market, micro and macro-economic indicators as well as different mandates and regulations is included in the Global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market report. In addition, this research study also features an inclusive qualitative and quantitative evaluation by studying data gathered from several market players and market predictors across various key factors in this market. By doing so, this market report assesses the attractiveness of every major segment of Global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market industry over the estimate period. Similarly, the market covers several key regions with industry status and income details.
Similarly, the Global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market study sums up the total market scenario offering the comprehensive overview of the Global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market with respect to its present status and market size on the basis of share and volume. Likewise, primary sources explained in this study contains analytical service providers, processing organizations, as well as management organizations of the Global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market industry value chain. Though, all the primary sources were cross-examined to validate and accumulate quantitative and qualitative statistics and determine the imminent growth prospects.
Global Market By Type:
Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS)Video Communication PaasCloud Telephony PaasWeb and Mobile OptimizationOthers
Global Market By Application:
Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS)Large EnterprisesSMEs
Additionally, this research report documents the information associated with Global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market share held by each single region with prospective growth forecasts on the basis of regional study. The research estimates the industry growth rate on the basis of each regional segment during the prediction period. Similarly, in the inclusive primary research technique undertaken for this investigation, the primary sources market experts such as innovation & technology directors, vice presidents, CEOs, founders, marketing director, and major executives from numerous major industries as well as administrations in the Global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market industry also have been interviewed to achieve and verify major aspects of this research study. The study also helped in the segmentation as per the major industry trends to the bottom-most level, geographic markets, and major expansions from technology and market-based perspectives. Furthermore, the secondary research technique offers substantial data about the industry value chain, applications extents, and prominent service providers.
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IIT Madras and Great Learning Introduce an Advanced Certification Program in Software Engineering for Cloud, Blockchain & IoT – PR Newswire India
NEW DELHI, July 21, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Great Learning, India's leading EdTech company for professional and higher education, and Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), India's top ranked educational institution, today announced the launch of the Advanced Certification Program in Software Engineering for IoT, Cloud and Blockchain. This 9-month long online program will be co-developed and co-delivered by top-notch faculty and industry experts from IIT-Madras and Great Learning. The program offers 300 hours of robust online video learning sessions, live learning sessions, and a series of practical projects in cloud computing, block chain and IoT.
Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) has been India's top ranked engineering institution for the past 5 years and is one of the most progressive institutions when it comes to offering industry relevant programs. The recent announcement of an online BSc in Data Science by IIT Madras and now this Advanced Certification Program in Software Engineering provide millions of students and technology professionals with the access to high-quality education from India's #1 ranked institute.
This program focuses on making current and aspiring software developers job-ready and future-proof by teaching them cutting edge technologies and is designed to bridge the talent shortage faced by the industry in the areas of Cloud computing, Block chain and Internet of Things. Mercer's Global Talent Trends Study 2020 highlights that 99% companies are embarking on digital transformation this year and are also reporting significant skill gaps. Moreover, Deloitte's outlook on the Technology industry for 2020 also states high adoption in the industry by technologies such as Cloud Computing and AI. This program aims to help learners develop the required skills for roles like Software Development Engineers, Software/Technical Architects, Solution Architects, Cloud engineers etc.
Dr. Janakiraman, Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Madras, said, "As the world increasingly adopts frontier technologies such as IoT, Cloud Computing and Blockchain, it is important for our software engineers and software professionals to master these technologies. This is important if India has to retain its edge in a Software-dominated world. As India's pioneering institution, we, at IIT Madras are happy to offer this Advanced Software Engineering program in collaboration with Great Learning."
Mr. Mohan Lakhamraju, Founder and CEO, Great Learning, said, "We are delighted to collaborate with IIT Madras to offer this program and further our mutual objective of making high quality education more accessible through online programs. This program marks the coming together of India's top engineering institution and India's top online professional learning provider and will immensely benefit millions of technology professionals and students in our country. Given the increasing demand for digital skills, upskilling in cutting edge technologies such as Cloud Computing, Block Chain and Internet of Things is the key to staying competitive in today's job market."
This Advanced Certification program begins with foundational knowledge of software engineering such as Data Structures, Software Architecture and Algorithm Design, and then dives deeper into IoT data sources, networking, implementation of IoT on the Cloud, Big Data and Analytics, Containers & Microservices, Cloud Deployment & DevOps. It will also provide an in-depth understanding of Blockchain fundamentals and creating Blockchain applications.
Upon completion of the program, the participants will be awarded a Program Completion Certificate from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. More details about the program can be found at http://www.greatlearning.in/iitmadras
About IIT Madras
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, is one of the foremost institutes in India for higher technological education, and basic and applied research. It has been ranked India's best technical institute for higher education for the past five years by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), an initiative of the HRD ministry and is designated as an Institution of National Importance. The Institute today has sixteen academic departments and several advanced research centres in various disciplines of engineering and pure sciences. A faculty of international repute, a brilliant student community, excellent technical & supporting staff and an effective administration have all contributed to the pre-eminent status of IIT Madras.
About Great Learning
Great Learning is India's leading professional learning company focused on upskilling working professionals and students. It offers comprehensive, industry-relevant programs in Business Analytics, Data Science, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing, Cyber Security, Digital Marketing, Design Thinking and more. Great Learning's programs are developed in collaboration with the world's foremost academic institutions like Stanford University, IIT Madras, the University of Texas at Austin and Great Lakes Institute of Management and are constantly reimagined and revamped to address the dynamic needs of the industry. Great Learning is the only ed-tech company to provide these programs in a blended mode, classroom mode and in purely online mode, relying on its vast network of expert mentors and highly qualified faculty to deliver an unmatched learning experience for learners in India and the world over. Having delivered over 25 million hours of transformational learning that has impacted 25,000+ learners from over 85 countries, Great Learning is on a mission to enable transformative learning and career success in the digital economy for professionals and students across the globe.
For more information, visit: https://www.greatlearning.in/
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Coronavirus threat to global Good Growth Opportunities in Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market – Owned
Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Marketreport covers the COVID 19 impact analysis on key drivers influencing market Growth, Opportunities, the Challenges and the Risks faced by key players and the Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) market as a whole. The complete profile of the worldwide top manufacturers like (Cloudflare, IBM Cloud, Oracle, Salesforce, Google, ServiceNow, Apache Stratos, Windows Azure, AWS, OpenShift, Plesk, Zoho Creator, Red Hat, VMware, SAP) is mentioned such as Capacity, Production, Price, Revenue, Cost, Gross, Gross Margin, Sales Volume, Sales Revenue, Consumption, Growth Rate, Import, Export, Supply, Future Strategies, and The Technological Developments that they are making are also included within this Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) market report. The historical data from 2012 to 2020 and forecast data from 2020 to 2026.
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In-Depth Qualitative Analyses Include Identification And Investigation Of The Following Aspects: Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market Structure, Growth Drivers, Restraints and Challenges, Emerging Product Trends & Market Opportunities, Porters Fiver Forces.
Scope of Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market:Since the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency. The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) market in 2020. COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets. The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future. This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) industry. Based on our recent survey, we have several different scenarios about the Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) YoY growth rate for 2020. The probable scenario is expected to grow by a xx% in 2020 and the revenue will be xx in 2020 from US$ xx million in 2019. The market size of Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) will reach xx in 2026, with a CAGR of xx% from 2020 to 2026. With industry-standard accuracy in analysis and high data integrity, the report makes a brilliant attempt to unveil key opportunities available in the global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) market to help players in achieving a strong market position. Buyers of the report can access verified and reliable market forecasts, including those for the overall size of the global Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) market in terms of revenue.
On the basis on the end users/applications,this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, shipments, revenue (Million USD), price, and market share and growth rate foreach application.
Large Enterprises SMEs
On the basis of product type, this report displays the shipments, revenue (Million USD), price, and market share and growth rate of each type.
Video Communication Paas Cloud Telephony Paas Web and Mobile Optimization Others
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Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Market Regional Analysis Covers:
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Enterprises in Germany Look to SDN Technologies to Assist with Cloud Migration – AiThority
ISG Provider Lens report finds German companies embracing SDN to reduce complexity, migration risks associated with shift to cloud computing
Enterprises in Germany are moving away from traditional networking technologies and increasingly adopting software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) tools to assist with their migration to cloud environments, according to a new report published by Information Services Group, a leading global technology research and advisory firm.
The 2020 ISG Provider LensNetwork Software Defined Solutions and Services Partners Report for Germany finds enterprises there increasingly focused on migrating their IT and network operations to the cloud and embracing SDN-related technologies to reduce complexity and risks when moving to single or multi-cloud environments.
German enterprises also see SDN and NFV technologies improving integration, automation, orchestration and management of network resources and processes, the report says. This trend is driven by the desire to increase flexibility and agility and seamlessly add applications and network resources to meet business and usage goals more efficiently and securely, said Andrea Spiegelhoff, partner, ISG DACH.
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SDN technologies also allow enterprises to respond quickly to customer inquiries and rapidly provide new services on the network, the report adds. As a result, SDN tools can improve customer satisfaction while increasing sales. In addition, SDN tools create the flexibility needed for German enterprises to experiment with innovative technologies such as intent-based networks, artificial intelligence, rapid hot spot provisioning and data flow allowance, the report adds.
Enterprises in Germany also are using SDN to simplify the management and planning of networks and integrate them with other IT initiatives, the report says. SD-WAN, by moving its control layer to the cloud, can be managed with a single-pane-of-glass control tool, and companies can integrate the network with other applications and IT services.
In recent years, many telecommunication providers, network services providers and system integrators in Germany have rolled out new SDN and SD-WAN products, the report adds. Many offer SD-WAN solutions that cater to specific enterprise sizes and industries or desired interactions with customers or users. Other providers offer SD-WAN implementations focused on delivering benefits in the short term, while preparing for advanced technologies like intent-based networks, artificial intelligence and machine learning.
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The report sees the German SDN market flooded with international and local suppliers, with a more fragmented group of providers than in many other Western European markets. Some consolidation of the market is beginning to happen, resulting in a smaller number of medium-sized and large providers that are likely to be available to enterprise customers in the coming years.
The 2020 ISG Provider LensNetwork Software Defined Solutions and Services Partners Report for Germany evaluates the capabilities of 49 providers across six quadrants: Managed WAN Services, Managed SD-WAN Services, SDN Transformation Services (Consulting and Implementation), SD-WAN Equipment and Service Supplies (DIY), Network Technologies Suppliers (Core to Mobile) and Mobile Network (4G/5G) and Additional (Non-Core) Services.
The report names IBM and Vodafone as leaders in all six quadrants, and Deutsche Telekom as a leader in five. Orange Business Services is named as a leader in four quadrants, and BT, Computacenter and NTT are named as leaders in three. Colt, GTT, Juniper Networks, Riedel Networks and Verizon are leaders in two quadrants, and AT&T, Axians, Cisco, Damovo and Extreme Networks are leaders in one.
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Enterprises in Germany Look to SDN Technologies to Assist with Cloud Migration - AiThority
Adoption of Cloud Computing in Municipalities Aids Public Health, Transportation and Safety – BroadbandBreakfast.com
July 17, 2020 Adoption of cloud computing services by public entities impacts many civic sectors, said local officials on Wednesday.
In an Amazon Web Services webinar, local representatives from Louisville and Minneapolis detailed how cloud services helped spur innovation in their respective municipalities, benefitting health, transportation and overall safety.
Emily Ward, state planning director for emergency preparedness and response at the Minnesota Department of Health, detailed ways in which the healthcare sector leveraged and repurposed the citys cloud services in response to the pandemic.
The departments information technology sector developed two applications to assist in getting medical supplies to those in need, called POD PreCheck and POD Locator.
PODs, or point(s) of dispensing, are community locations at which state and local agencies dispense medical materials and medications to the public.
POD PreCheck allowed clients to prescreen their conditions electronically, which assisted the Minnesota Department of Health in delivering the best medication to consumers with speed and efficiency, reducing wait times.
POD Locator is a dynamic mapping application that shows the locations of PODs on a searchable map and provides any site-specific instructions.
The scalability offered by the cloud was the most desirable feature, said Ward. This app will still work if more than 5 million users try to access it.
It is Important that it remains stable, she added.
Meanwhile, across the country, the city of Louisville is leveraging data provided by its open source software and cloud technology to better understand the use of new transportation technologies in the city, such as accounting for the rise of electronic scooters.
Louisvilles IT department created an application that connects mobility companies with local government agencies, in an attempt to safely manage public space.
Data drawn from the application allowed employees of the public IT sector to measure the companies operation compliance with a geofence the city enforced around a public downtown weekend event, where no scooters were allowed to operate.
The public data not only revealed non-compliance, but further exposed that new transportation technologies are not distributed equitably.
Through the data, the city found that transportation services were not located in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The city responded by requiring more equitable distribution of services.
Michael Schnuerle, director of open source operations at the Open Mobility Foundation, said that the cities cloud services play an important role in increasing capabilities to move data across different systems and automating certain data initiatives.
Cloud Computing Market Worth $765.6 Billion By 2027 | Grand View Research Inc. – MENAFN.COM
(MENAFN - GetNews) As per the World Economic Forum, the fourth industrial revolution will be characterized by a fusion of technologies such as artificial intelligence, internet of things, and cloud computing. AI and cloud computing will complement each other along with IoT to improve technology and catalyze growth. Organizations across various verticals are proactively integrating cloud computing with these evolving technologies.
The globalcloud computing marketsize is expected to reach USD 765.6 billion by 2027 , expanding at a CAGR of 14.9%, according to a new study conducted by Grand View Research, Inc. Cloud services are being increasingly adopted by businesses, due to their cost-effectiveness, service-related flexibility and real-time service catering nature. It is also making its mark in medium and small enterprises and is experiencing more demand due to increasing number of these small-scale enterprises all over the world. Moreover, technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning will complement cloud services to boost the organizational growth across industries.
COVID-19 Effect
COVID-19 has affected the work culture in a big way. There is a general shift towards work from home culture due to lockdown situations all around and it has proved to be a novel boosting factor for the cloud computing market. Also, nowadays, companies are looking at cloud technology as something that can boost their efficiency while lowering their cost of running the business. Although these two factors have provided a big push to adoption of cloud computing, security issues are something that are considered an obstacle. With rising adoption of cloud services and work from culture, security issues have also increased and companies are striving towards reducing its occurrence and minimizing the losses. New technologies and firewalls are coming up to make online services safer and more secure, which will ensure healthy online environment for the businesses.
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At present, cloud services have been utilized across various industries and most of the organizations are relying on IT resources to conduct their day to day work. In fact, governments are also making a move towards cloud services and helping generate growth for the market. Some of the important sectors the cloud computing market caters to are:
Infusion of Big Data is something that is extremely important to foster market growth as it will lead to replacement of traditional data warehouses by cloud computing technology, due to their incapability to manage and analyze the volume, veracity and variety of Big Data. This will help in creating a good demand in the market, leading to higher growth rate.
Cloud computing market report highlights:
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Managing the Impact of Cloud Computing – The CPA Journal
Cloud computing is in the vanguard of a global digital transformation. This article looks at how to identify cloud computing opportunities and operationalize cloud activities. It also defines the stakeholders involved in the enterprises risk management strategy and shared responsibility model. Finally, the article provides advice on how to manage the disruption caused by the adoption of cloud computing.
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A fourth Industrial Revolution is underway globally; a digital revolution driven by the rapid, wide-scale deployment of digital technologies, such as in high-speed mobile Internet capabilities, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning. Cloud computing is at the vanguard of this transformation. As a result, organizations of all sizes, sectors, and geographies have substantially and rapidly increased their use of cloud computing. According to Gartner (2019), more than one-third of organizations see cloud investments as a top-three priority. The public cloud services market is projected to reach a staggering $266 billion in 2020.
One driver in this proliferation and widespread use of cloud computing is the current digital transformation. In a 2016 address, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella advanced this enduring description of digital transformation: becoming more engaged with their customers, empowering their employees, optimizing how they run their business operations and transforming the products and services they offer using digital content. Such benefits from a cloud computing perspective include managing and outsourcing costly and difficult-to-update and -manage in-house IT infrastructure; streamlining and scaling storage, software, and application support; increasing speed and processing; reducing costs. As a result, organizations of all sizes, geographies and sectors, including CPA firms and their clients, are developing their own private cloud or purchasing public cloud services from cloud service providers (CSP), such as Microsoft Azure and Amazon AWS.
While such potential benefits are compelling, market intelligence reveals that cloud computing exacerbates risks and creates new and unexpected risks. For example, a cloud security breach exposed the names, addresses, and account details of as many as 14 million U.S.-based Verizon customers. In this context, one can only imagine the potential cloud-related cybersecurity breaches and service failures that may emerge from the unexpected disruption and rapid transformation to remote working caused by the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. On the one hand, workers unexpectedly transitioning to remote working have been enabled in part by cloud computing to immediately, rapidly, and seamlessly access necessary data, software, and applications. On the other hand, such an unanticipated disruption and rapid transformation has exacerbated existing risks and created new risks as workers access data from remote locations; for example, breaches in data confidentiality, unauthorized access, and system availability failures.
This disruptive cloud paradigm raises questions from the corporate boards, managers, regulators, and assurance providers concerning cloud strategy, performance, risks, and controls. Such questions include: the scope and location of cloud activities; the implications of dependency on a web of cloud solution provider (CSP) vendors; reputation, intellectual property, financial statement and market trust vulnerabilities; global jurisdiction regulatory compliance; as well as the adequacy of risk management, cybersecurity, audit, and change management. This article looks at cloud computing opportunities, risks, and resiliency strategies, including enterprise risk management, CPA firm assurance, and change management.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud computing as a means for enabling on-demand access to shared pools of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage applications, services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released. In simple terms, the cloud is a massive cluster of super-sized servers housed in locations scattered around the globe (i.e., cloud farms). Cloud farms are operated by CSP vendors such as Amazon AWS; these vendors provide a range of hosting services.
Some organizations are adopting a cloud-first strategy for new systems or when replacing systems. Popular cloud deployment models include private clouds, public clouds, hybrid clouds, and community clouds;Exhibit 1defines each model. Popular CSP cloud services include Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS), and Platform as a Service (PaaS);Exhibit 2defines each service. Pay-as-you-go (i.e., when customers are billed based on their levels of usage) is a popular pricing model.
Cloud Computing Services Deployment Models, per NIST
Three Primary Models of Cloud Services, per NIST
Cloud computing also changes organizations. According to Deloitte (2020), Executives extend the enterprise every time they use a cloud service, outsource a business process, or otherwise spread operations beyond the traditional four walls of their organization. In a cloud computing context, this extended enterprise creates a complex web of distributed, interconnected, and interdependent shared-responsibility participants, including employees (i.e., first party), customers (i.e., second party), vendors, and their hired subcontractors (i.e., third, fourth, and fifth parties).Exhibit 3depicts this web of extended relationships.
Extended Enterprise: Web of Data Sharing and Cloud Computing
The cloud also democratizes and decentralizes IT activitiesthat is, non-IT employees are capable of developing applications and given the authority to contract directly with CSPs outside of the centralized IT procurement process.
Cloud-driven changes, such as the following, also impact the CFO organization.
The cloud also exacerbates existing risks, creates new and unexpected risks, and stretches the limits of governance, risk management, cybersecurity, internal audit, assurance, and change management. For CPA firms and their clients, this cloud disruption requires a what-can-go-wrong analysis.
As far back as 2013, McKinsey warned, Large institutions, which have many types of sensitive information to protect and many cloud solutions to choose from, must balance potential benefits against, for instance, risks of breaches of data confidentiality, identity and access integrity, and system availability. More recently, IDC (2018) reported that 50% of security professionals spend most of their time securing the cloud. In 2019, the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) advanced their top-11 cloud security threats.Exhibit 4presents the CSAs 11 threats.
Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) Top 11 Threats to Cloud Computing (2019)
In spite of such warnings, recent cloud-breaches such as the following continue to emerge:
In 2019, Gartner advanced the following predictions concerning cloud security:
The wave of breaches suggests cloud computing is risky; exacerbating risks (i.e., known-knowns), creating new risks (unknown-knowns), and unforeseeable risks (unknown-unknowns). For example, consider the following service availability and cyber-risks associated with the geographic location of cloud servers a company is relying on:
Sector-level regulations will play an important role in contributing to addressing such risks. For example, a customized set of standards has been developed under the umbrella of the U.S. Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP) to authorize the use of cloud services. HIPAA regulations that focus on governing cloud resources offered by a CSP are another sector example. The HIPAA Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules establish important protections for individually identifiable health information when created, received, maintained, or transmitted by a HIPAA-covered entity or business associate (e.g., a CSP). For example, CSP-related SLAs should include provisions that address HIPAA-related requirements, including system availability and reliability; backup and data recovery; the manner in which data will be returned to customers after service use termination and security responsibility; and use, retention, and disclosure limitations.
Regulatory compliance alone will not suffice. To mitigate risk, an organization should conduct a holistic, enterprise-wide what-can-go-wrong analysis, including an analysis of cyber-security risks and a single-point-of-failure risk analysis associated with their cloud ecosystem. A what-can-go-wrong analysis posits the question: Are CPA firms and their clients prepared to respond to cloud risks?
Cloud computing disrupts organizations, calling into question its impact on governance, compliance, risk management, cybersecurity, audit and change management.
The KPMG Audit Committee Institute highlighted understanding technologys impactwith a reference to cloud computingas one of their seven items to consider for the audit committees 2020 agenda. In this context, an organization needs transparency into the nature, scope, and location of CSP vendors and the performance of their cloud activities. The board, senior management, and CPAs should ask the following questions:
While these questions may seem fundamental, market intelligence suggests that some organizations are unclear about the nature, scope, and locations of their cloud activities.
One reason for this is shadow IT activities. This refers to empowered employees scattered throughout the organization that are adopting cloud services under the radar of the IT department. According to Gartner, most organizations grossly understate the number of shadow IT applications already in use. A continuously updated inventory of the current state of organization-wide cloud activities is essential for conducting a holistic analysis of cloud performance and risk.
The linkage of objectives and risks is a foundational premise of enterprise risk management (ERM) frameworks. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines risk as effect of uncertainty on objectives. For cloud computing, such objectives may include privacy, availability, productivity, reliability, compliance, cost transparency, and cost savings. The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) ERM framework, Enterprise Risk Management Integrating Strategy with Performance,DNS:https://www.coso.org/Documents/2017-COSOERM-Integrating-with-Strategy-and-Performance-Executive-Summary.pdfmakes explicit the linkage of performance objectives and risk.
An ERM approach can also contribute to cyber-resiliency; the ability to rapidly and fully recovery from system failures and security breaches. In a 2020 financial service industry report, Thomson Reuters identified cyber-resiliency as a key regulatory risk, asserting that, senior individuals need to ensure cyber-risks are expressly included in the range of risks considered, and the board is prepared to discuss the actions taken to ensure all possible has been done to embed cyber-resilience throughout the firm. The organizations incident response plan, including plans for incident-handling and information-spilling response, should be an integral part of cyber-security policy and an ERM analysis. In summary, an ERM analysis that integrates cloud computing can contribute to cloud performance; managing cloud risk; rapid, timely, and proper incident response; change management; and resiliency.
An ERM analysis will also assist CPA firms and other assurance providers with identifying and assessing risks and controls, as well as the nature, timing, and extent of audit and attestation procedures selected.Exhibit 5presents an example of ERM analysis.
Sample Enterprise Risk Management (ERM): Cloud Risk Analysis
Cloud computing is disrupting CPA firms, their clients, and the traditional norms of the external audit and quality control. In its 20202021 Strategy Plan, the AICPA Auditing Standards Board (ASB) addressed this issue: Rapid developments in technologies are having a profound effect on audit and assurance engagements, including the use of automated tools and techniques and changes in how engagement teams are structured and interact. In Initiative D: Keep our standards relevant in a changing environment, the ASB commits to monitoring the use of innovative technologies and determining whether the standards in place for the acceptance of clients and service performance are appropriate.
Cloud computing impacts CPA assurance providers in a range of waysfor example, obtaining an understanding of the audit clients cloud environment; identifying and assessing risks of material misstatement (RMM); defining the role to be served by System Organization Control (SOC) reports; assessing the impact of the clients and the firms cloud computing activities on the firms compliance with GAAS Quality Control (QC) Standards.
Audit clients are increasingly moving some or all of their accounting systems and financial statement data to public clouds. This cloud transition introduces complexity, disruption, and risk.
For example, a cloud computing environment often integrates third-party CSPs and potentially fourth-party sub-contracted CSPs (Exhibit 3) into the clients accounting system and control environment. Such a complex web of CSPs results in shared responsibilities between the client and CSPs for financial accounting data, cybersecurity, internal controls over financial reporting (ICFR), service organizations control (SOC) reporting, and assurance services.
Such material changes to the control environment and accounting system require auditors to obtain an understanding of the companys environment and risks as a basis for assessing the risk of material misstatement (RMM) of the financial statements, as prescribed by PCAOB Auditing Standard (AS) 2110.
A prudent starting point for obtaining a preliminary understanding of a companys cloud environment and risks is the analysis of the inventory of audit client cloud activities, including the nature and extent of third- and fourth-party CSP vendors and any material changes in such arrangements during the period under audit. The audit client will be the primary source for obtaining an understanding of the current state of the cloud. Market intelligence suggests, however, that some organizations may not have an up-to-date current state analysis of its cloud activities. If documentation does not exist, this will impact (i.e., increase) RMM and may require additional audit procedures (e.g., walkthroughs), specialized cloud audit skills, and higher audit fees.
SOC for Service Organizations are internal control reports on the third-party services provided by an outsourcing service organization (e.g., CSP). AICPA SOC Reports are subject to standards AT-C section 320 and SSAE 18. The following SOC Reports are available in this category: SOC 1, SOC 2, SOC 3, and SOC for Cybersecurity.Exhibit 6defines each report.
Exhibit 6 Types of AICPA SOC Reports
For audit clients with material cloud computing operations, the selection of report type, as well as the right to conduct such services will be based upon a range of factors, including the type of the assurance service and the audit clients cloud footprint, as well as the web of third- and fourth-party CSP vendors and shared control responsibility agreements and the terms of service-level agreements (SLA) with CSPs.
One of the six elements of the AICPA quality control (QC) standards deals with client acceptance and retention, requiring consideration of whether the CPA firm is competent to perform the engagement and has the capabilities, including time and resources, to do so. Another element is associated with human resources, requiring the CPA firm have sufficient personnel with the competence and capabilities to perform engagements in accordance with professional standards and applicable legal and regulatory requirements. To comply with these QC audit standards in a cloud computing assurance engagement, CPA firms will need to assess the demand for, and timely availability of, the necessary specialized skills.
Another important element of the AICPA QC standards covers new client acceptance and retention of existing clients. Such QC considerations include the following:
A CPA firm will need to make selective changes to accept cloud computing-related engagements, such as training staff, securing subject experts, and protecting the privacy of client data accessed through the client and their CSP clouds and stored on the CPA firms clouds.
The emergence of cloud computing and the incipient digital transformation of business is having a profound impact on the traditional techniques and services provided by CPA firms. Organizations adopting or leveraging cloud computing should obtain a continuous update of their inventory of cloud activities, including the nature, scope, and locations of their cloud activities; conduct a holistic, enterprise-wide, what-can-go-wrong analysis, including cybersecurity risks and single-point-of-failure risks associated with their cloud ecosystem; and perform an analysis of cloud computing resiliency, including an ERM analysis of cloud performance, security risk, and change management risk. CPA firms adapting to digital disruption and transformation must obtain an understanding of the implications of cloud computing on their clients business and control environment; analyze risks of material misstatement and cybersecurity risks; assess cloud controls; and manage cloud-informed changes to the CPA firms QC processes and compliance.
Meredith Stein, CPA, leads the NIH Risk Management Program at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md. The views expressed are her own and do not necessarily represent the views of the NIH or the United States Government. She began her career with KPMG.
Vincent Campitelli, CPA, is a consultant to the office of the president of the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) Seattle, Wash., serving as an enterprise security specialist with a focus on cloud computing. He is formerly a partner of PricewaterhouseCoopers.
Steven Mezzio, PhD, CPA, CISA, CISSP, FSAI, is a professor of accounting and the executive director of the Center for Excellence in Financial Reporting for the Pace University Lubin School of Business. He is also a former partner with PricewaterhouseCoopers.
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Managing the Impact of Cloud Computing - The CPA Journal