February 20th, 2024

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In his two decades at Carolina, philosophy professor Thomas Hofweber has seen a lot of change. But within the past few years, that change has grown exponentially in the landscape of academia and beyond as artificial intelligence (AI) has taken his world by storm.

Originally from Germany, Hofweber got into philosophy by accident. He intended to study chemistry and math but took some philosophy classes on a whim when he began at the University of Munich.

Once I started, I loved it and I got totally stuck, he says.

Hofweber loved asking big questions and was even more captivated by trying to answer them. Studying philosophy enabled him to engage with different fields of study. He continues this collaboration with all types of academics by specializing in metaphysics and the philosophy of language and mathematics. Recently, much of his research and teaching has been focused on AI.

Artificial Intelligence is leading humanity to more efficient, productive industries. Its creating opportunities for health care advancement, personalized education, accelerated research, and optimal cities and infrastructure. And according to Hofweber, we are just at the tip of the iceberg with the technologys advancement.

But it is crucial to address potential challenges such as ethical considerations, job displacement, and bias, Hofweber says. His fascination with AI stems from its moral implications and the pressing concerns in decision-making algorithms.

These computational processes use predefined rules and patterns to analyze data and make choices or predictions. But they also have the potential to make errors and discriminate and can reflect existing biases in the data used for their training.

Theres so much going on. Its amazing, Hofweber says. But its also very hard to keep up because theres always some new development and so many people working in this area that its hard to stay on top of whats really happening.

In Spring 2019, Hofweber began teaching a class called AI and the Future of Humanity to discuss big challenges in the artificial intelligence field and how it will affect the future of human beings in both positive and negative ways.

The class examines topics like the extinction threat AI poses to civilization. Will these machines take over the world or are they a pathway for a new form of survival? How will they impact and change our workforce?

Ethical dilemmas are also a big discussion in the class. As advanced forms of AI emerge, Hofweber wonders what we owe them, how they will relate to us, and how we can positively influence the technology.

The course also examines metaphysical questions related to virtual reality and AI. Is a virtual reality an illusion or just a different kind of reality? Can minds and consciousness be realized by machines or computers?

Like the AI landscape itself, the course constantly shifts as Hofweber races to keep up with the fields rapid evolution.

AI is not a new phenomenon in philosophy. Since the Industrial Revolution, philosophers have debated whether machines have emotions or other human characteristics and if thinking a type of computation. Since early computing pioneers like Alan Turing have asked whether machines can exhibit intelligent behavior like humans, AI has been a topic of discussion in the field.

Hofweber first started considering these issues in graduate school at Stanford University. He worked with philosophers, linguists, and computer scientists to explore how symbols, like words or mathematical notations, use specific rules to convey meaning and represent information.

There was a great culture of cross-disciplinary collaboration, he says.

When he started working at Carolina, his research naturally connected to certain parts of the AI space, especially his focus on the philosophy of language. Understanding how communication works and how language relates to the world were important considerations when Hofweber began studying how language models, like chatbots, compare to humans.

ChatGPT is a recent example of how AI is much more accessible for the average person and has started cultural conversations about human interaction with the technology.

Hofweber noticed these conversations happening in different departments on Carolinas campus and recognized an interest in inter-departmental collaboration to better understand the philosophical foundations of these resources. Linguistics, computer science, and philosophy had a unique interconnectedness around the topic and so the AI Project was born.

Its supposed to be a research-focused project, he says. I thought it would be really good for people to learn from each other, collaborate a little bit more and talk to each other across these disciplines.

Informally, the AI project is a group that meets twice a month to discuss recent research in artificial intelligence. More formally it is a series of discussion and reading groups, research presentations, and lectures that enable cross-departmental understanding.

As the director of the project, Hofweber orchestrates a series of virtual events each semester that focus on a theme, like language models or explainability, enabling participants to approach AI from multiple angles and share insights.

If you get people together, you can look at the same thing from different perspectives and then exchange ideas and talk about it and that can be very helpful, Hofweber says.

Peter Hase, a Carolina PhD student studying computer science, works closely with Hofweber and appreciates the different viewpoints hes exposed to through the AI Project.

Computer scientists often live in a little bit of a bubble, he says. So, this jumped out to me as a big opportunity.

Under the the guidance of professor Mohit Bansal, Hase researches how machine learning models make decisions and develops models that enable computers to understand and generate human language that is clear and relevant.

For Hase, regular discussions through the AI Project have changed how he thinks about his research and reframed the problems he faces.

Its a good learning experience, he says. Hearing other peoples perspectives has provided new angles for thinking about problems.

Hofwebers own research is informed and inspired by the AI Project. In collaboration with colleagues in the computer science department, he investigates how language models represent the world, the nature of their modeling, and whether they adhere to the norms of rationality.

Whether or not the kind of intelligence you get from a language model is very similar to or very different from the kind of intelligence that we human beings have, he clarifies.

Language models dont learn by moving through physical and cultural worlds like humans do. They learn from text pulled from the internet. So, they should form contradictory beliefs, reflecting the contradictions in the text they learn from. But the inner workings of language models remain opaque, leaving us unaware of the extent to which their intelligence aligns with human norms of rationality.

Hofweber isnt scared by how much is unknown about the inner workings of AI, but he believes it will be a more urgent issue in the future. Understanding, controlling, and implementing safety measures within AI systems is crucial.

We might have a truly alien form of intelligence that can be studied and understood and that can help us understand what is significant about being human, he says.

While Hofwebers current studies wont directly affect the general public now, the progress he makes will eventually provide more transparency and insight into AI rationality and explainability.

The field of AI research remains vast, with countless unanswered questions, Hofweber says. Nevertheless, he is optimistic that his research, combined with the collaborative efforts of the AI Project, will contribute to a deeper understanding of these machines, benefiting society as a whole.

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Questioning AI - Endeavors - The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Penn Engineering: First BSE Program in Artificial Intelligence in the Ivy League

The University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science has introduced its bachelor of science in engineering (BSE) in artificial intelligence (AI) degree, the first undergraduate major of its kind among Ivy League universities and one of the very first AI undergraduate engineering programs in the U.S.

The rapid rise of generative AI is transforming virtually every aspect of life: health, energy, transportation, robotics, computer vision, commerce, learning and even national security. This produces an urgent need for innovative, leading-edge AI engineers who understand the principles of AI and how to apply them in a responsible and ethical way.

Inventive at its core, Penn excels at the cutting edge, said Penn Interim President J. Larry Jameson. Data, including AI, is a critical area of focus for our strategic framework, In Principle and Practice, and this new degree program represents a leap forward for the Penn engineers who will lead in developing and deploying these powerful technologies in service to humanity. We are deeply grateful to Raj and Neera Singh, whose leadership helps make this possible.

The Raj and Neera Singh Program in Artificial Intelligence equips students to unlock AIs potential to benefit our society. Students in the program will be empowered to develop responsible AI tools that can harness the full knowledge available on the internet, provide superhuman attention to detail, and augment humans in making transformative scientific discoveries, researching materials for chips of the future, creating breakthroughs in healthcare through new antibiotics, applying life-saving treatments, and accelerating knowledge and creativity.

Penn Engineering has long been a pioneer in computing and education, with ENIAC, the first digital computer, and the first PhD in computer science, said Raj Singh. This proud legacy of innovation continues with Penn Engineerings AI program, which will produce engineers that can leverage this powerful technology in a way that benefits all humankind. We are thrilled to continue investing in Penn Engineering and the students who can best shape the future of this field, said Neera Singh.

The BSE in AI curriculum offers high-level coursework in topics including machine learning, computing algorithms, data analytics and advanced robotics.

The timing of this new undergraduate program comes as AI poses one of the most promising, yet challenging, opportunities the world currently faces, said Vijay Kumar, the Nemirovsky Family Dean of Penn Engineering. Thanks to the generosity of Raj and Neera Singh, Penn Engineerings BSE in artificial intelligence program, we are preparing the next generation of engineers to create a society where AI isnt just a tool, but a fundamental force for good to advance society in ways previously unimaginable.

Leading the program will be George J. Pappas, the UPS Foundation Professor of Transportation in Penn Engineering. Realizing the potential of AI for positive social impact stands as one of the paramount challenges confronting engineering, said Dr. Pappas. We are excited to introduce a cutting-edge curriculum poised to train our students as leaders and innovators in the ongoing AI revolution.

The programs courses will be taught by world-renowned faculty in Amy Gutmann Hall, Penn Engineerings newest building. An anticipated hub for data science on campus and for the Philadelphia community, Amy Gutmann Hall and its state-of-the-art facilities will further transform Penns capabilities in engineering education, research, and innovation as Penn Engineering advances the development of artificial intelligence.

Our carefully selected curriculum reflects the reality that AI has come into its own as an academic discipline, not only because of the many amazing things it can do, but also because we think its important to address fundamental questions about the nature of intelligence and learning, how to align AI with our social values, and how to build trustworthy AI systems, said Zachary Ives, the Adani Presidents Distinguished Professor and chair of the department of computer and information science in Penn Engineering.

The program will begin in fall 2024, with applications for existing University of Pennsylvania students who would like to transfer into the 2024 cohort available this fall. Fall 2025 applications for all prospective students will be made available in fall 2024. Visit the new website at https://ai.seas.upenn.edu/.

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Penn Engineering: First BSE Program in Artificial Intelligence in the Ivy League - University of Pennsylvania

Amir Bahmani, PhD, reached a desperate low in his life following the death of his wife, Someyra, in 2014. Doctors mistook her terrible pain for an inflamed gallbladder, missing the signs of a malignant cancer.

"If they had collected the data, they would have seen that something was going on internally, that there was a big shift underway that occurs with cancer patients," said Bahmani, director of the Stanford Deep Data Research Center. "They might have been able to catch it early and give her a better chance."

In his grief, he realized how much data science could impact medicine and potentially save lives. That's when he resolved to help close that gap and bring the disciplines closer together for the sake of realizing a precision medicine approach -- the type that could have made a difference for Someyra.

"We want to create a common language between engineers, biologists and physicians," said Bahmani, a high-performance computer scientist. "We don't need to know everything, but we need to know enough to communicate efficiently with each other."

We don't need to know everything, but we need to know enough to communicate efficiently with each other.

Bahmani was ready to dedicate his life to medicine. But, as an Iranian immigrant without financial means, he faced major obstacles. He had been the first in his class in Iran to obtain a fellowship abroad -- an almost unthinkable possibility -- obtaining a research fellowship at North Carolina State University, where he received a PhD in computer science.

And after battling to obtain visas, Someyra, whom he had met as an undergraduate, was able to join him as a research assistant in engineering at NC State. Together they dreamed of raising a family in America and creating a better life for themselves.

Then came the terrible side pains and suddenly a young husband's worst nightmare was unfurling before his eyes. Someyra was just 26 when she died.

But a grieving Bahmani couldn't have anticipated the challenges he would face in continuing on alone with their shared American dream. After he returned to Iran to bury Someyra, he said he narrowly escaped being drafted into the Iranian army and then also nearly lost his research fellowship because of delays in renewing his visa, which was held up by Iranian authorities.

"In six months, I lost everything. I lost my best friend -- my wife -- and now I was afraid I was going to lose my career," he said. Then, a stroke of good luck: He received a note from the U.S. Embassy in Armenia that his visa awaited him there.

Back in the United States, more tests also awaited him. Bahmani's Iranian background prevented him from working with U.S. national laboratory scientists in high-performance computing. Fortunately, a mentor introduced him to researchers at the Duke Cancer Institute at Duke University School of Medicine.

That would lead him to his first big break: a $10,000 Amazon Web Services (AWS) grant through a program to fight cancer using cloud services, a cost-efficient method for storing and processing large quantities of data. He went on to collaborate with the Duke researchers to publish his first cancer research paper in 2015 on a rapid-fire statistical technique to associate certain cancers with specific mutations.

That introduction to genetics launched Bahmani on a fascinating, if difficult, course. As a computer scientist, the world of genetics seemed daunting. There was so much to be learned. He recalls hearing the term "messenger RNA" from his Duke collaborator early on.

I didn't know what (messenger RNA) was. It's scary when you are in a different field.

"I didn't know what it was," he said. "It's scary when you are in a different field."

To expand his knowledge and embrace the challenge, he got an internship that summer at Illumina Inc., which builds computer systems for genetic analysis. He was hired at the Palo Alto, California, company the following year and then joined Stanford Medicine in 2017 as a biomedical data scientist working under the wing of Michael Snyder, PhD, the Stanford W. Ascherman, FACS Professor in Genetics and chair of the Department of Genetics.

That year, Snyder was able to self-diagnose Lyme disease before he had any symptoms by using a wearable device that showed measurable signs of an internal fight with a pathogen. Snyder published a major study on the process, which involved collecting massive quantities of data -- two petabytes, or two million gigabytes.

Bahmani said it was clear they needed a better way to store and process all that data so he turned to cloud computing to help build a system called My Personal Health Dashboard (MyPHD) that has since facilitated more than 30 research studies involving over 10,000 participants.

Using the technology, he and his collaborators -- including physicians, geneticists and computer scientists -- developed two algorithms to detect COVID-19 infection as much as seven or eight days before symptoms occur, based on internal changes in the body. They also devised a COVID-19 alert system to warn people early of a developing infection. That work was published in 2022 in Nature Medicine.

Bahmani wanted to expand the community of people who could work on these complex, multidisciplinary problems. So, with Snyder's help, he developed a course, Cloud Computing for Biology and Healthcare, that included lectures by former Google CEO Eric Schmidt and other luminaries in the field.

"I have always believed that in order to deliver precision medicine, we need to deal with precision education," said Bahmani, now a lecturer in the Department of Genetics. "If anyone around the globe wants to contribute to medicine, they should have a chance."

More recently, he has developed a new certificate program, Fundamentals of Precision Medicine and Cloud Computing, a self-paced curriculum on medicine, genetics and data science for high school, college and graduate students. It begins with lessons on data privacy and moves on to topics such as programming, statistics, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, medical imaging, genomics and wearable devices.

Bahmani is passionate about making these educational opportunities free to underserved students -- those with incomes less than $70,000 -- as he believes these trainees have much to offer the world of medicine.

Moreover, he wants to give back to a system where people like him -- an Iranian immigrant of modest background -- can thrive when given opportunities they wouldn't otherwise have. The program is offered through a nonprofit for which he is seeking additional support.

To truly build trust and establish inclusive healthcare systems, we need to prepare more researchers and experts from underprivileged communities.

"To truly build trust and establish inclusive healthcare systems, we need to prepare more researchers and experts from underprivileged communities. We want different voices from different communities," he said.

In the process, he hopes to save more patients from the kind of missteps that took his wife from him.

"This is all done in her memory," he said. "Maybe we can avoid such tragedies for others by detecting these diseases much earlier."

Main image: Jim Gensheimer

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In her memory: Wife's death drives data scientist to improve the system - Scope

A team of computer science students at Bowie State University on Thursday demonstrated one of the robotics projects theyve been working on with a grant from the Department of Defense.

The ultimate goal is for the robots to be used for rescue missions or reconnaissance, said Anthony Herron, 30, a doctoral student from Upper Marlboro. Right now, theyre [the robots] just trying to maintain distance on their way to a specific point.

Herron is part of a six-member team: three undergraduate students and three masters and doctoral students. Darsana Josyula, a computer science professor at Bowie State since 2006,oversees the project is and is available for support as the students do the work themselves.

Bowie State is part of a consortium of universities, led by Howard University, that serves as a University Affiliated Research Center, or UARC. Howard was named the 15th UARC last January. Each consortium conducts research with DOD funding.

Howard received a UARC grant last year worth $90 million over five years, said Jonathan Saxon, a spokesperson for Bowie State. The other member institutions of the consortium are Jackson State University, Tuskegee University, Hampton University, Norfolk State University, Delaware State University, Florida Memorial University, and Tougaloo College. Howard is the lead institution for the grant.

During Thursdays demonstration, students used computer code they had written to make the robots do simple tasks like maintaining equal distance between each other and traveling to a specific point.

One robot is about 18 inches long and about 8 inches deep. The other was about 2 feet long and about 18 inches deep thanks toits oversized off-road tires. The robots come equipped with PlayStation 4 controllers for manual use.

During the demonstration, the smaller one used a LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensor system to see where it was going while in operation and the larger one used a sonar attachment that allowed it to detect sound. The next step for the team is to use the data theyve collected during the demonstration and eventually prepare the robots to avoid obstacles.

Herrons older brother, Andre Herron, 33, whos working on his masters in computer science, said the hardest part about working with the robots is the constant debugging and adapting they have to do to achieve the desired result. . The elder Herron anticipates continuing his work with artificial intelligence and computer science for the Department of Defense after he completes his degree.

The other students on the team present for the demonstration were Hubert Kyeremateng-Boateng, 41, originally from Ghana but now living in Severn. Hes a seven-year part-time doctoral student currently doing cyber security work as a Department of Defense contractor. The undergraduates included Oluwabukunmi Jaiyeola, 18, a sophomore ROTC officer. Jaiyelo is the youngest student on the team. He was raised in Nigeria and is a computer science major focused on cyber security.

Josyula said its great for the student body to see her students working with the robots because it can entice to explore computer science.

Its really exciting because this gives an opportunity to attract more people to this area, she said. Sometimes people get excited when they see what other students are doing. It makes computer science world more tangible for them.

From left, Anthony Herron, Hubert Kyeremateng-Boateng, Andre Herron and Dr. Darsana Josyula work on testing the robots. Bowie State is doing research for the DoD working on programming search and rescue robots. (Paul W. Gillespie/Staff)

From left, Oluwa Bukunmi, Dr. Darsana Josyula, Anthony Herron and Andre Herron, work on testing the robots. Bowie State is doing research for the DoD working on programming search and rescue robots. (Paul W. Gillespie/Staff)

Doctoral student Anthony Herron works on programing the robots. Bowie State is doing research for the DoD working on programming search and rescue robots. (Paul W. Gillespie/Staff)

Masters student Andre Herron, left and his brother, doctoral student Anthony Herron work on programing the robots. Bowie State is doing research for the DoD working on programming search and rescue robots. (Paul W. Gillespie/Staff)

Doctoral students, from left, Anthony Herron and Hubert Kyeremateng-Boateng work on testing the robots. Bowie State is doing research for the DoD working on programming search and rescue robots. (Paul W. Gillespie/Staff)

Doctoral students, from left, Hubert Kyeremateng-Boateng and Anthony Herron, work on programing the robots. Bowie State is doing research for the DoD working on programming search and rescue robots. (Paul W. Gillespie/Staff)

From left, Andre Herron, Dr. Darsana Josyula and Hubert Kyeremateng-Boateng work on testing the robots. Bowie State is doing research for the DoD working on programming search and rescue robots. (Paul W. Gillespie/Staff)

Masters student Andre Herron, left, sophomore Oluwa Bulcunmi, center and doctoral student Anthony Herron work on programing the robots. Bowie State is doing research for the DoD working on programming search and rescue robots. (Paul W. Gillespie/Staff)

Dr. Darsana Josyula and doctoral student Anthony Herron work on programing the robots. Bowie State is doing research for the DoD working on programming search and rescue robots. (Paul W. Gillespie/Staff)

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Bowie State University conducts rescue robot demonstration with Defense Department funding - Capital Gazette

Image credit: Claire Scully

As engineers and computer scientists make rapid advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence, they are being compared to the physicists of the mid-20th century. Its a parallel Stanford computer scientist Mehran Sahami makes explicit in his introduction to students taking his CS 182: Ethics, Public Policy, and Technological Change course when he shows them a photo of a billowing mushroom cloud from the nuclear bomb being dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, in 1945.

In the 20th century, unleashing the power of the atom was a physical power but today we have an informational power, and its just as, if not more powerful, because information is what impacts peoples decision-making processes, said Sahami, the Tencent Chair of the Computer Science Department and the James and Ellenor Chesebrough Professor in the School of Engineering. Theres a tremendous amount of responsibility there.

For Sahami, it is crucial in 2024 that society, business leaders, and policymakers safeguard the future from the unintended consequences of AI.

When OpenAI launched ChatGPT to the public on Nov. 30, 2022, it prompted sensationalism and controversy. Anyone can now ask the large language model to perform any number of text-based tasks, and in seconds a personalized response is given.

Sahami described ChatGPT as an awakening. This was one of the first big applications where AI was put in peoples hands, and they were given an opportunity to see what it can do, he said. People were blown away by what the technology was capable of.

Sahami thinks that one of the exciting areas where generative AI could be applied is in personalized services like tutoring, coaching, and even therapy, an industry that is thinly stretched.

But AI is expensive to build and services like these can come with hefty fees, Sahami pointed out.

Of concern is whether these services will be accessible to vulnerable and hard-to-reach populations,groups that stand to benefit from them the most.

One of the places I really worry a lot about is who is getting the gains of AI, Sahami said. Are those gains being concentrated in people who were already advantaged before or can it actually level the playing field? To level the playing field requires conscious choices to allocate resources to allow that to happen. By no means will it just happen naturally by itself.

In the coming year, Sahami also expects to see AI impact the workforce, whether through labor displacement or augmentation.

Sahami points out that the labor market shift will be the result of choices made by people, not technology. AI by itself is not going to cause anything, he said. People make the decisions as to whats going to happen.

As AI evolves, what sorts of things do we put in place so we dont get big shocks to the system?

Some measures could include retraining programs or educational opportunities to show people how to use these tools in their lives and careers.

I think one of the things that will be front and center this coming year is how we think about guardrails on this technology in lots of different dimensions, Sahami said.

In 2023, President Biden issued the Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence that urged the government, private sector, academia, and civil society to consider some of those safeguards.

The White Houses executive order has shined a spotlight on the fact that the government wants to act and should act, Sahami said.

While Sahami is heartened by the order, he also has concerns.

The real question is what will happen with that in the coming year and how much will be followed up by agencies, he said.

One worry Sahami has is whether people in both government and private sectors have the right skill set to ensure the order is being carried out effectively.

Some of these issues have a lot of subtleties and you want to make sure the right expertise is in the room, Sahami said. You need people with deep technical expertise to make sure that that policy is actually well guided, he added, pointing out there is a risk that one can come up with some policy that seems well intentioned, but the details actually dont mesh with how the technology works.

Over the past few months, OpenAI made newspaper headlines again this time, reports were focused on the companys founder and Sahamis former student, Sam Altman. Over a chaotic few days, Altman was ousted from the company but quickly brought back in, along with a restructured board.

What happened to OpenAI has generated a spotlight on thinking about the fragility of some of the governance structures, Sahami said.

Debated across the media was OpenAIs unique business model. OpenAI started as a mission-driven nonprofit but later established a for-profit subsidiary to expand its work when it felt the public sector could no longer support its goals. It was reported that disagreements emerged between Altman and the board about the companys direction.

I dont think this is going to be the first or last time were going to see these tensions between what we want and what is realistic, Sahami said. I think those kinds of things will continue and those kinds of debates are healthy.

A topic of ongoing debate is whether AI should be open access, and its an issue the National Telecommunications and Information Administration will examine in 2024 as part of President Bidens executive order on AI.

Open access was also a topic that came up when Altman was a guest speaker with the class Sahami co-taught this fall with the philosopher Rob Reich and the social scientist and policy expert Jeremy Weinstein, Ethics, Technology + Public Policy for Practitioners.

Sahami asked Altman who spoke a week before the shake-up at OpenAI about some of the market pressures he experienced as CEO, as well as the pros and cons of making these models open source, a direction Altman advocated for.

A benefit of open source is a greater transparency in how a software model works. People are also able to use and expand the code, which can lead to new innovations and arguably make the field more collaborative and competitive.

However, the democratization of AI also poses a number of risks. For example, it could be used for nefarious purposes. Some fear it could aid bioterrorism and therefore needs to be kept guarded.

The question is to what works when there are guardrails in place versus the benefits you get from transparency, Sahami said.

But there are also solutions in the middle.

Models could be made available in a transparent way in escrow for researchers to evaluate, Sahami said. That way, you get some level of transparency but you dont necessarily make the whole model available to the general public.

Sahami sees the tools of democracy as a way to come to a collective decision about how to manage risks and opportunities of AI and technology: Its the best tool we have [to] take the broader opinion of the public and the different value systems that people have into that decision-making process.

Reich is the McGregor-Girand Professor of Social Ethics of Science and Technology and professor of political science in the School of Humanities and Sciences.

Weinstein is the Kleinheinz Family Professor in International Studies and professor of political science in the School of Humanities and Sciences as well as a senior fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.

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Mehran Sahami on AI and safeguarding society - Stanford Report - Stanford University News