Category Archives: Encryption
Mobile Encryption Market Projected CAGR of 30.3% by 2030 Fueled … – EIN News
global mobile encryption market size was USD 2.35 Billion in 2022 and is expected to register a revenue CAGR of 30.3%
NEW YORK, NY, UNITED STATES , May 24, 2023 /EINPresswire.com/ -- The size of the global Mobile Encryption Market reached USD 2.35 billion in 2022, and it is projected to experience a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30.3% during the forecast period. The market's revenue growth is being propelled by increasing awareness of cyber security threats, the growing adoption of cloud-based platforms across various industries, and advancements in technology.
The demand for mobile encryption solutions is surging due to the rising number of cyber security data breaches and the integration of multiple technologies into mobile devices. As an example, on October 5, 2022, the City of Tucson in Arizona revealed a data breach that affected the personal information of over 123,000 individuals. An attacker infiltrated the city's network and stole an unspecified number of files containing sensitive data, as stated in a notification sent to the affected individuals. The rapid digitization and the prevailing trend of e-banking, online shopping, and cryptocurrency trading further fuel the need for encryption to safeguard personal information from compromise.
Among the recent advancements, blockchain technology stands out. Blockchain has the potential to enhance privacy and accountability in mobile applications, particularly in sectors like healthcare and financial technology (fintech). By adopting blockchain, companies can bolster the security of their mobile apps, giving them a competitive edge. The decentralized architecture offered by blockchain technology is a significant advantage, as any failure at the top level of the hierarchy does not pose critical issues to the entire system. Additionally, mobile banking can undergo significant development through the implementation of blockchain technology. This technology can address fundamental problems related to costs, security, and financial inclusion, which are expected to drive market revenue growth in the coming years.
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Segments Covered in the Report
The global mobile encryption market can be categorized based on various factors.
By Component Type, the market can be divided into solutions and services. Solutions refer to the software or tools that provide encryption capabilities for mobile devices, while services involve the implementation, support, and maintenance of encryption solutions.
In terms of Deployment Mode, the market can be classified into cloud-based and on-premise solutions. Cloud-based encryption allows for data protection through remote servers, while on-premise encryption involves data protection within the organization's infrastructure.
The market can also be segmented by Application. Disk encryption focuses on securing the entire disk or storage device, while file or folder encryption aims to protect specific files or folders. Cloud encryption involves securing data stored in cloud platforms, and communication encryption focuses on protecting data transmitted over networks.
Furthermore, the market can be categorized by Organization Size, distinguishing between Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Large Enterprises.
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Strategic development:
The mobile encryption market is witnessing strategic developments that are shaping its landscape. Companies operating in this market are implementing various strategies to gain a competitive edge and expand their market presence.
One prominent strategic development is the focus on research and development (R&D) activities. Market players are investing in R&D to enhance their encryption solutions and services, keeping up with the evolving cyber security threats and technological advancements. By continuously innovating and improving their offerings, companies can cater to the increasing demand for robust mobile encryption solutions.
Partnerships and collaborations are also playing a crucial role in the strategic development of the mobile encryption market. Companies are forming strategic alliances with technology providers, security experts, and industry stakeholders to leverage their expertise and resources. These partnerships enable them to offer comprehensive encryption solutions that address the specific needs and requirements of different sectors and organizations.
Market players are also emphasizing mergers and acquisitions (M&A) as a strategic approach. Through M&A activities, companies can expand their product portfolios, acquire new technologies, and gain access to a wider customer base. This enables them to strengthen their market position and accelerate their growth in the competitive landscape of mobile encryption.
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Competitive Landscape:
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation, Dell Inc., Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP, Oracle Corporation, Intel Corporation, Simspace Corporation, Sophos Ltd., BlackBerry Limited, and McAfee, LLC.
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Mobile Encryption Market Projected CAGR of 30.3% by 2030 Fueled ... - EIN News
Encryption Chip Market 2023 Expected to Achieve Significant Value … – Scene for Dummies: Everything Hollywood Undead
A2Z Market Research has published a report titled Global Encryption Chip Market Research Report 2023 Future Opportunities, Latest Trends, In-depth Analysis, and Forecast To 2029 that represents the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data about the market. This is a crucial step in developing a business strategy or launching a new product, as it helps companies to gain a deeper understanding of the Encryption Chip market, identify customer needs and preferences, and assess competition in the Encryption Chip industry.
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Competitive landscape:
This Encryption Chip research report highlights the key market players who are succeeding in the market. It tracks their business strategies, financial status, and upcoming products.
Some of the top companies influencing this market are:
CEC Huada Electronic DesignIDKTNEOWINERuijetNXPInfineon TechnologiesTongxin MicroFudan MicroShanghai Dongxin MicroelectronicsSerica Semiconductor Technology (Beijing)XDJATIH MicroelectronicsNations TechnologiesSamsung
This Encryption Chip research report introduces the market by providing an overview that includes definitions, applications, product introductions, developments, challenges, and regions.
Encryption Chip Market research is also conducted using various methods including surveys, focus groups, interviews, and observations. The data collected is both qualitative (e.g. opinions, attitudes) and quantitative (e.g. statistics, numbers). The Encryption Chip market research results are then analyzed to draw conclusions and make informed decisions.
The regional coverage of the Encryption Chip market is mentioned in the report, with the main focus being on regions such as North America, South America, the Asia Pacific region, the Middle East and Africa, and Europe.
Segmentation: The Encryption Chip market is segmented by type, product, end-users, etc. Segmentation helps to provide an accurate explanation of the market.
Market Segmentation: By Type
Smart Card Encryption ChipSmart Terminal Encryption Chip
Market Segmentation: By Application
Smart HomeAutomotiveRetailOther
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This report is intended to provide:
Table of Content (TOC)
Global Encryption Chip Market Report 2023 2029
Chapter 1 Encryption Chip Market Overview
Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Encryption Chip Industry
Chapter 3 Global Encryption Chip Market Competition by Manufacturers
Chapter 4 Global Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2014-2020)
Chapter 5 Global Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2014-2020)
Chapter 6 Global Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type
Chapter 7 Global Market Analysis by Application
Chapter 8 Manufacturing Cost Analysis
Chapter 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers
Chapter 10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders
Chapter 11 Market Effect Factors Analysis
Chapter 12 Global Encryption Chip Market Forecast (2023-2029)
Chapter 13 Appendix
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Conclusion: Encryption Chip Market research also helps companies identify potential opportunities and threats in the industry, assess demand for a product or service, and determine the optimal strategy. Its an ongoing process that requires companies to stay up to date with the latest trends and changes in the Encryption Chip market in order to remain competitive.
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Encryption Chip Market 2023 Expected to Achieve Significant Value ... - Scene for Dummies: Everything Hollywood Undead
2FA App Protectimus SMART OTP Unveils Advanced Encrypted Cloud Backup, Outshining Google Authenticator – EIN News
Protectimus Smart OTP - Free Authenticator App With Encrypted Cloud Backup
Protectimus SMART, a free authenticator app, now features encrypted cloud backup, seamless token transfer, customizable tokens, and biometric authentication.
Maksym Oliinyk, Director of Protectimus Limited
Protectimus SMART and Google Authenticator are both popular 2FA apps that offer cloud backup as a feature. However, there are several differences between them. Protectimus SMART authenticator provides a more secure cloud backup solution as it uses end-to-end encryption to ensure that the backup data is transmitted and stored securely. The Google Authenticator app also offers cloud backup but without end-to-end encryption.
Also, in the Protectimus SMART authenticator app, the user has the option to download their backup data into an encrypted file, which can then be stored in any secure place of their choosing. While the data is not stored directly in the cloud, this provides an extra layer of security and control for the user. They can choose to keep the encrypted backup file in a safe physical location or upload it to their own cloud storage account for added convenience.
Key Features of the Updated Protectimus SMART OTP Authenticator App
Enhanced Security and Control: - Encrypted cloud backup, secured with robust end-to-end encryption and a user-defined password, safeguards users' 2FA tokens, ensuring effortless recovery in the event of device loss or upgrade. - A user can also securely download their backup data as an encrypted file for flexible storage in preferred secure locations, providing users with added security and control. - Outshining Google Authenticator, the Protectimus SMART's encrypted backup feature offers superior security and control over authentication data.
Seamless Transition: - The users can effortlessly transfer tokens to a new phone and import tokens from Google Authenticator, ensuring a smooth transition to Protectimus SMART OTP and migration to a new phone.
Convenience and Customization: - Customizable tokens with emojis and descriptions allowing users to personalize their authentication experience. - Convenient token sorting by folders for easy organization. - Delivery of two-factor push notifications for instant access to accounts.
Advanced Security Features: - PIN and biometric authentication protection, supporting Touch ID and Face ID. - The Protectimus SMART OTP app supports the CWYS (Confirm What You See) data signing feature, empowering users to exercise greater control over their financial operations by confirming the details before proceeding.
Additional Benefits: - Support for all OATH one-time password generation algorithms (HOTP, TOTP, and OCRA), ensuring compatibility with various websites and applications. - Support for 6- and 8-digit one-time passwords. - Multiple language options (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Russian, and Ukrainian).
"We're thrilled to introduce the latest version of our Protectimus SMART OTP authenticator app," said Maksym Oliinyk, Director of Protectimus Limited. "With these new features and encrypted cloud backup, we believe our two-factor authentication app offers the perfect blend of security and convenience for users looking to safeguard their online accounts from hackers."
The updated Protectimus SMART OTP authenticator app is now available for download on the App Store and Google Play. For more information, visit the Protectimus SMART OTP website at https://www.protectimus.com/protectimus-smart/.
To compare Protectimus SMART and Google Authenticator two-factor authentication applications, with a focus on their cloud backup feature, you can visit this link: https://www.protectimus.com/blog/google-authenticator-vs-protectimus-smart/.
About Protectimus Limited: Established in 2014, Protectimus Limited is a trusted provider of reliable multifactor authentication products. The company is committed to delivering cutting-edge authentication solutions to businesses of all sizes, from startups to large corporations. As a proud member of the coordinating council of OATH (Initiative for Open Authentication), Protectimus offers certified two-factor authentication solutions for various applications, including Windows and Microsoft RDP, OWA, ADFS, Citrix, VMware, VPNs, RoundCube, SSH, RADIUS, Office 365, and more. With a focus on security, reliability, and versatility, Protectimus Limited continues to lead the multifactor authentication industry.
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Encryption Software Market Shows Incredible Revenue Growth by … – Digital Journal
Encryption Software Market Growing Demand and Growth Opportunity 2023-2032 :
Encryption Software Market research report is a high-quality report having in-depth market research studies. This market report provides the best solutions for strategy development and implementation depending on the clients needs to extract tangible results. It helps businesses obtain granular level clarity on current business trends and expected future developments. Businesses can achieve practical and enduring results which are driven by accurate and timely research. It enables clients to take strategic decisions and accomplish growth objectives. By leveraging the global experience of industry analysts, consultants, and domain experts, the global Encryption Software report has been prepared and delivered with excellence.
Encryption Software Market Research Report is spread wide in terms of pages and provides exclusive data, information, vital statistics with tables and figures, trends and competitive landscape details in this niche sector.
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The list of Key Players Profiled in the study includes:- MicroFocus, Microsoft Corporation, Panda Security, Proofpoint, Sophos Ltd, Symantec Corporation (Broadcom, Inc.), AO Kaspersky Lab, Bitdefender, Cisco Systems, Inc., Check Point Software Technologies Ltd., Ciphercloud.com, Dell Technologies Inc., ESET, spol s.r.o., IBM Corporation, F-secure, McAfee, LLC (Intel), Thales eSecurity, and Trend Micro, Inc, and among others.
Report Overview:
Encryption Software Market Dynamics:
This section deals with understanding the market drivers, advantages, opportunities, restraints and challenges. All of this is discussed in detail as below:
Growth Drivers:
Segmentation Analysis of the Market:
Global Encryption Software Market forecast report provides a holistic evaluation of the market. The report offers a comprehensive analysis of key segments, trends, drivers, restraints, competitive landscape, and factors that are playing a substantial role in the market. Global Encryption Software Market segments and Market Data Break Down are illuminatedBy End Use (BFSI, IT & Telecom, Retail, G&PA, Healthcare, Defense & Aerospace, Education, and Manufacturing), Deployment (Cloud, and On-premise), Application (Disk Encryption, File/Folder Encryption, Database Encryption, Web Communication Encryption, Network Traffic Encryption, Cloud Encryption, Others)
What this Report Provides?
GTM strategyAnalysis of Market Size (historical and forecast), Total Addressable Market (TAM), Serviceable Available Market (SAM), Serviceable Obtainable Market (SOM), Market Growth, Technological Trends, Market Share, Market Dynamics, Competitive Landscape and Major Players (Innovators, Start-ups, Laggard, and Pioneer)Development trends, competitive landscape analysis, supply side analysis, demand side analysis, year-on-year growth, competitive benchmarking, vendor identification, QMI quadrant, and other significant analysis, as well as development statusRecent market developments and its futuristic growth opportunitiesCustomized regional/country reports as per request
Regional Coverage:
Rgn-w gmnttn in the Global Encryption Software Market nlud the claims to split the regional scope of the market, which among these regions has been touted to amass the largest market share over the anticipated duration
North America(USA and Canada)Europe(UK, Germany, France and the rest of Europe)Asia Pacific(China, Japan, India, and the rest of the Asia Pacific region)Latin America(Brazil, Mexico, and the rest of Latin America)Middle East and Africa(GCC and rest of the Middle East and Africa)
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The following are some of the key questions addressed in the report:
To obtain crucial data such as market size, trends and income examination, approved basic and optional Encryption Software research approaches and information sources are proposed.
Cutthroat industry circumstance, gross edge investigation, value designs and growth possibilities are all recognized as key Encryption Software Market bits of knowledge.
This research provides a detailed analysis of global Encryption Software market patterns, value, creation, and advertising techniques used by major players.
This Encryption Software reports main goal is to look at the open doors, threats and market drivers.
A thorough examination of the Encryption Software market improvement scenario, venture viability, and key sections is carried out.
Calculate the global Encryption Software market segment of the total industry in terms of major segments, locations and organisations.
Encryption Software Market 2023-2032: Main Highlights :
The compound annual growth rate of the market during the forecast period 2023-2032Detailed information on the factors that will contribute to the growth of the Encryption Software market in the next 10 yearsEstimate the size of the Encryption Software market and its contribution to the parent marketForecast of upcoming trends and changes in consumer behaviorEncryption Software market growthAnalyze the market competition landscape and provide detailed information about suppliersDetailed information on the factors that comprehensively challenge the growth of vendors in the Encryption Software marketInsightful research reports on the Encryption Software market include Pestle analysis, Porters five forces analysis, and SWOT analysis to understand the factors that affect consumer and supplier behavior
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Encryption Software Market Shows Incredible Revenue Growth by ... - Digital Journal
Easy Implementation of GDPR with Aspect Oriented Programming – InfoQ.com
Key Takeaways
GDPR should be a default feature, added in every single application that handles user data, especially PII (Personally Identifiable Information).
Most organizations consider GDPR as luxury and have an impression that it needs special tools and experts to implement it.
Of course, knowledge of the entire GDPR specification is required, but once we are through the rules, we can see that the frameworks and design patterns we already use in our everyday development can very well be used to implement the GDPR rules.
Going forward, all applications should be GDPR compliant.
When we talk about GDPR, the three important things we want to implement are:
Even though these are three different features, the implementation can be simplified and concentrated by using simple programming patterns.
Good news. We dont need any third-party libraries for this implementation.
[Click on the image to view full-size]
Let us assume a simple use case:
Note: We are not going to have a working database connection for this example, we will just assume that the service saves the data and returns the same to the user.
The second step is the custom annotation. Let us use standard Java to create it.
Let us break down this custom annotation:
Now this interface can be used as @GDPR in any desired method.
Spring Boot natively supports AOP. Using which, we will intercept any method that is annotated with the @GDPR annotation.
Let us go ahead and create an interceptor class.
Let us add a new method to our controller with the @GDPR annotation. The modified controller should look like below:
Let us break down this controller:The Controller/Web API has two methods with corresponding endpoints, /plain and /encrypt.
This way, the GDPR implementation does not disturb the existing business logic.
If you run the application as such and call the /plain API, you should see log statements only from the UserController and UserService classes. But when you call the /encrypt API, you should see an additional log statement from the GDPRInterceptor class. It should be noted that the log statement from GDPRInterceptor is printed first, because the controller is tapped before it calls the service, which is very critical in this implementation.
Lets create an EncryptionService class. We are not going to implement an actual working encryption for now, instead, let us consider a simple mockup of an encryption.
We have two methods:
For Example, if the data is "MySampleData," the encrypt method will return "MySampleData { ENCRYPTED }," and if you pass this output to the decrypt method, you will get back the original data.
The encrypt and decrypt methods we created are good for processing primitives. But a typical application would only deal with Java objects. It would be tedious to create individual transformers for every class type that an application deals with. For that purpose, we are going to extend the ObjectMapper class provided by Jackson Library. We are going to alter the default object serialization method to include our encryption process.First, we need to create two Custom Serializers, one for encryption and one for decryption.
The custom serializers extend JSONSerializer and override the serialize method. We are also casting this function with the Map class, which will be explained later in this article.
Let us build the custom object mappers that use these new serializers, thanks to Spring Boot configuration.
Here we have three types of ObjectMappers:
@Primary the default ObjectMapper used by Spring.@Bean("encryptor") ObjectMapper, that will encrypt the Java Object (JSON).@Bean("decryptor") ObjectMapper, that will decrypt the Java Object (JSON).
A typical application will have many types of Java classes/entities. Since we are going to reconfigure the Jackson serializer provided by Spring itself, we will not be able to include a Generic > to our Serializer. It will also be tiresome to create a serializer for every class type. So we are going to generalize all Java class types as a Key Value object i.e., java.util.Map. This generalization will help us serialize and deserialize any object, without worrying about actual data type.
Consider the following scenario:
To satisfy the above scenario, we need the data to be encrypted from the controller to the service and decrypted from the service to the controller.
Let us add this transformation code to our interceptor.
The updated GDPRInterceptor has the following changes:
Call
Response
Log Statements
Call
Response
Log Statements
As you can see, the API response is the same (original data) for both APIs. However, for the encrypt API, the log statements from controller and service show encrypted data.
Both controller methods are doing the same task, but just the @GDPR implementation is doing the magic for us.
Masking sensitive data is an important aspect of GDPR compliance. Fortunately, its easy to include it in our current pattern.
Let us re-assume the scenario we discussed above.
The encryption stays the same, but when the API responds back to the user, the original data is masked. So, to satisfy this condition, we need to introduce a new method in EncryptionService for Masking and modify the decrypt method to call this new masking function.
Now if you call the /encrypt API, the response will be:
We already added logging to the interceptor. Any method that is annotated with @GDPR are sensitive methods. Whenever these methods are called, the interceptor will log it around the execution.
Note - It is recommended not to log the actual data. Log files containing PII data are considered as a security risk.
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Easy Implementation of GDPR with Aspect Oriented Programming - InfoQ.com
What types of encryption are there? – ICO
What types of encryption are there?
There are two types of encryption in widespread use today: symmetric and asymmetric encryption. The name derives from whether or not the same key is used for encryption and decryption.
In symmetric encryption the same key is used for encryption and decryption. It is therefore critical that a secure method is considered to transfer the key between sender and recipient.
Figure 2: Symmetric encryption Using the same key for encryption and decryption
Asymmetric encryption uses the notion of a key pair: a different key is used for the encryption and decryption process. One of the keys is typically known as the private key and the other is known as the public key.
The private key is kept secret by the owner and the public key is either shared amongst authorised recipients or made available to the public at large. Data encrypted with the recipients public key can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key. Data can therefore be transferred without the risk of unauthorised or unlawful access to the data.
Figure 3: Asymmetric encryption Using a different key for the encryption and decryption process
Hashing is a technique that generates a fixed length value summarising a file or message contents. It is often incorrectly referred to as an encryption method.
Hash functions are used with cryptography to provide digital signatures and integrity controls but as no secret key is used it does not make the message private as the hash can be recreated.
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What types of encryption are there? - ICO
Fully Encrypted GuLoader Uses Google Drive to Download Payloads – GBHackers
Antivirus products continuously advance to combat evolving threats, prompting malware developers to create new bypassing techniques like packing and crypting, GuLoader is a notable service employed by cybercriminals to avoid detection by antivirus software.
The cybersecurity researchers at Check Point affirmed that GuLoader employs a range of evasion techniques and stands out for its encrypted payload being uploaded to a remote server, enabling attackers to utilize a securely protected shellcode-based loader that downloads, decrypts, and executes the payload in memory without storing decrypted data on the hard drive.
Besides Googles diligent attempts to impede the encrypted malicious payloads of GuLoader, most instances still witness GuLoader successfully retrieving payloads from Google Drive.
Conclusive evidence uncovered by researchers indicates that GuLoader is presently being employed as a distribution mechanism for the subsequent malware strains:-
Earlier iterations of GuLoader were VB6 applications that utilized encrypted shellcode to handle essential tasks like loading the encrypted payload, decrypting it, and executing it from memory, while the current prevalent versions rely on:-
Both the NSIS and VBS variants of GuLoader utilize the same version of shellcode, which incorporates numerous anti-analysis techniques similar to previous versions.
Here below, we have mentioned the techniques used:-
While previous versions of GuLoader could be bypassed using a debugger during dynamic analysis, security analysts face significant challenges in the new version due to a technique that hampers both debugging and static analysis.
Since late 2022, GuLoaders shellcode has incorporated a novel anti-analysis method involving generating numerous exceptions that disrupt the codes regular execution flow, with control subsequently transferred to a dynamically calculated address through a vector exception handler.
The storage method for the payload decryption key mirrors that of the encrypted strings, yet the key remains unencrypted distinctively. Typically, the key length falls within the range of 800 to 900 bytes.
To evade automated analysis, GuLoader employs a deceptive tactic by using a different size, not the one stored with the key, which poses a challenge for decryption as only the initial 843 bytes of the payload can be decrypted accurately, leaving the remaining data fragmented.
From previous versions of GuLoader, the payload decryption algorithm remains unchanged, with the initial 64 bytes of the downloaded data skipped.
GuLoader obtains the final key by assuming that the first 2 bytes of the decrypted payload are MZ and calculates a 2-byte XOR key (rand_key), which is used to XOR the payload decryption key.
By employing encryption, omitting headers, and separating payloads from the loader, threat actors render their malicious payloads undetectable by antiviruses, enabling them to utilize Google Drive as a storage medium and circumvent its antivirus safeguards, with some download links to these payloads persisting for extended durations.
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Fully Encrypted GuLoader Uses Google Drive to Download Payloads - GBHackers
What is encryption? – ICO
What is encryption?
Encryption is a mathematical function using a secret valuethe keywhich encodes data so that only users with access to that key can read the information. In many cases encryption can provide an appropriate safeguard against the unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data, especially in cases where it is not possible to implement alternative measures.
Example
An organisation issues laptops to employees for remote working together with secure storage lockers for use at home and locking devices for use outside the home. However, there is still the risk of loss or theft of the devices (eg whilst being used outside of the office). To address this risk, the organisation requires all data stored on laptops to be encrypted. This significantly reduces the chance of unauthorised or unlawful processing of the data in the event of loss or theft.
Information is encrypted and decrypted using a secret key. (Some algorithms use a different key for encryption and decryption). Without the key the information cannot be accessed and is therefore protected from unauthorised or unlawful processing.
Whilst it is possible to attempt decryption without the key (eg, by trying every possible key in turn), in practical terms it will take such a long time to find the right keyie many millions of years, depending on the computing power available and the type of keythat it becomes effectively impossible. However, as computing power increases, the length of time taken to try a large number of keys will reduce so it is important that you keep algorithms and key sizes under consideration, normally by establishing a review period.
You should consider encryption alongside a range of other technical and organisational security measures. You also need to ensure that your use of encryption is effective against the risks you are trying to address, as it cannot be used in every processing operation.
Therefore, you should consider the benefits that encryption will offer in the context of your processing, as well as the residual risks. You should also consider whether there are other security measures that may be appropriate to put in place, either instead of encryption or alongside it.
You can do this by means of a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), which, depending on your processing activities, you may be required to undertake under Article 35 of the UKGDPR. In any case, a DPIA will also help you to assess your processing, document any decisions and the reasons for them, and can ensure that you are only using the minimum personal data necessary for the purpose.
Yes. Article 4(2) of the UKGDPR defines processing as any operation or set of operations performed on personal data, including adaptation or alteration. The process of converting personal data from plaintext into ciphertext represents adaptation or alteration of that data.
Whether you are a controller or a processor, if you have encrypted personal data yourself and are responsible for managing the key then you will still be processing data covered by the UKGDPR.
If you also subsequently store, retrieve, consult or otherwise use that encrypted data, you will also be processing data covered by the UKGDPR.
You should therefore ensure that you do not view the use of encryption as an anonymisation technique or think the encrypted data is not subject to the UKGDPR. If you were responsible for encrypting the data and are the holder of the key, you have the ability to re-identify individuals through decryption of that dataset.
In this respect, encryption can be regarded as a pseudonymisation technique. It is a security measure designed to protect personal data.
You should not underestimate the importance of good key management - make sure that you keep the keys secret in order for encryption to be effective.
Encryption can take many different forms. Whilst it is not the intention to review each of these in turn, it is important to recognise when and where encryption can provide protection to certain types of data processing activities. Later in this guidance, we outline a number of scenarios where encryption may be beneficial to you.
Encryption is also governed by laws and regulations, which may differ by country. For example, in the UK you may be required to provide access to an encryption key in the event you receive a court order to do so.
Finally, not all processing activities can be completely protected from end to end using encryption. This is because in general information needs to exist in a plaintext form whilst being actively processed. For example, data contained within a spreadsheet can be stored in an encrypted format but in order for the spreadsheet software to open it and the user to analyse it, that data must first be decrypted. The same is true for information sent over the internet it can be encrypted whilst it is in transit but must be decrypted in order for the recipient to read the information.
Developments in the state of the art may eventually enable computation of encrypted data more widely. This may change some of the considerations you need to have regarding encryption. Irrespective of this, the security requirements mean you need to keep your encryption solution under regular review, including taking account of the state of the art (see How should we implement encryption?).
When processing data, there are a number of areas that can benefit from the use of encryption. You should assess the benefits and risks of using encryption at these different points in the processing lifecycle separately. When first considering your processing, you should also ensure that you adopt a data protection by design approach, and using encryption can be one example of the measures that you put in place as part of this approach.
The two main purposes for which you should consider using encryption are data storage and data transfer. These two activities can also be referred to as data at rest and data in transit.
Recommendation
You should have a policy governing the use of encryption, including guidelines that enable staff to understand when they should and should not use it.
For example, there may be a guideline stating that any email containing sensitive personal data (either in the body or within an attachment) should be sent encrypted or that all mobile devices should be encrypted and secured with a password complying with a specific format.
You should also be aware of any industry or sector-specific guidelines that may include a minimum standard or recommend a specific policy for encrypting personal data. Examples include:
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What is encryption? - ICO
The WhatsApp of secure computation – Help Net Security
A key term when discussing encryption these days is end-to-end (E2E) encryption. The idea with E2E encryption is that data is kept confidential between the encryptor and the intended receiver. This might seem an obvious requirement, but not all so-called secure systems offer this level of protection.
Take for example SMS messages on your phone. The communication between your mobile phone and the local radio mast is indeed encrypted, but from that point onuntil the message reaches the radio mast close to the receivers mobile phonethe SMS message is sent in the clear. The mobile phone company could, in theory, read your messages.
A similar issue occurs in email: you can connect to Gmail or Outlook, or iCloud using a secure connection, but usually the email is stored in the clear on the Google, Microsoft, or Apple server. Again, this means that these email service providers could read your sent and received emails.
In some sense, SMS and email are legacy, old fashioned systems. Today, more and more people are communicating via instant messaging systems such as WhatsApp and Signal. These systems provide excellent security, particularly E2E encryption. It is mathematically impossible for the service provider to read any of your messages, even though you rely on the service provider to relay them.
This deals with the issue of securing data during transit, or transmission. But what about data at rest?
Here, we must consider how to store data encrypted on a hard disk or how it should be handled when it is written to a database. For such systems, E2E encryption means that only the person who stores the data should be able to read the data. In effect, its design requires that stolen data cannot be read or manipulated. E2E encryption of data at rest is provided by the operating system or hard disk itself and combined with a suitable method for key management.
Having dealt with E2E encryption of data during transit and at rest, we now turn to the more esoteric case of E2E encryption of data during computation.
It may seem strange that you can perform computations on encrypted data in the first place. But advances over the last 10 years have resulted in systems that can indeed compute on encrypted data, i.e. without needing to see the data. These advances are made possible by Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE).
In FHE, the first party enters data into the system by encrypting it. Then, a second party can perform arbitrary computation on the data without seeing it. Finally, a third partyor even the first partycan decrypt the output of the computation. In this context, the second party (the party doing the computation) has no access to the underlying data. This is analogous to the situation for data in transit, in that the party relaying the data should have no access to its contents.
FHE is designed so that the second computing party learns nothing about the underlying data, so we can say that FHE provides E2E encryption for data during computation, just as WhatsApp provides E2E encryption for data during transit.
Organizations and individuals now consider it a fundamental aspect of messaging security that no-one can read ones private messages; especially the service provider who is providing the messaging application. Organizations and individuals no longer trust Big Tech with their private messages.
Yet when companies, both big and not-so-bit tech, process private data we currently think it perfectly acceptable that they can do so and see the data as they process it. As trust in such companys access to private data goes down, and yet the potential use-cases and benefits from technology such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and personalized medicine increase, we need to find a way of unlocking the value in data without needing to make the data public. FHE provides such a mechanism.
We shouldnt have to worry about privacy anymore: this should be a feature already built in by default into all applications.
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The WhatsApp of secure computation - Help Net Security
What is Encryption? – The Tech Edvocate
In todays digital age, where information is transmitted across networks and stored on servers, encryption has become a fundamental technique to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data. Encryption is the process of converting plaintext, i.e., a piece of data that is readable and understandable, into ciphertext, i.e., a piece of data that is unreadable and incomprehensible, using a cryptographic algorithm.
An encryption system uses two essential components a key and an algorithm. The key is a piece of information that the encryption algorithm uses to transform the plaintext into ciphertext, and without the key, it is virtually impossible to decrypt the ciphertext back into plaintext. The algorithm, on the other hand, takes in the plaintext and the key as input and transforms the plaintext into ciphertext, which can only be decrypted back into plaintext using the same key and algorithm.
Encryption is used in various applications, such as online banking, e-commerce, email, and secure messaging applications. In online banking, the users account information is encrypted before being transmitted over the internet to prevent unauthorized access by hackers. Similarly, e-commerce websites encrypt the credit card information of their customers to protect it from cybercriminals who attempt to steal sensitive data.
Encryption also plays a significant role in securing communication channels. For example, email services such as Gmail and Outlook use encryption to protect the messages sent and received over their platforms. Secure messaging platforms such as WhatsApp, Telegram, and Signal use end-to-end encryption, which means that the messages are encrypted on the users device and can only be decrypted on the recipients device, ensuring complete privacy and security.
In addition to securing data, encryption is also used for digital signatures and certificates. Digital signatures verify the authenticity of a digital document or message and ensure that it has not been tampered with. Digital certificates, on the other hand, are used to authenticate the identity of users or devices and are issued by trusted certificate authorities.
In conclusion, encryption is an essential technique to ensure the security and privacy of digital data. In the era of increasing cyber-attacks and data breaches, encryption plays a vital role in protecting sensitive information and maintaining trust in digital communication and transactions. While there are debates about the use of encryption by governments and law enforcement agencies, it is undeniable that encryption is essential in maintaining the security and privacy of digital data.
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What is Encryption? - The Tech Edvocate