Category Archives: Machine Learning

How to choose between rule-based AI and machine learning – TechTalks

By Elana Krasner

Companies across industries are exploring and implementing artificial intelligence (AI) projects, from big data to robotics, to automate business processes, improve customer experience, and innovate product development. According to McKinsey, embracing AI promises considerable benefits for businesses and economies through its contributions to productivity and growth. But with that promise comes challenges.

Computers and machines dont come into this world with inherent knowledge or an understanding of how things work. Like humans, they need to be taught that a red light means stop and green means go. So, how do these machines actually gain the intelligence they need to carry out tasks like driving a car or diagnosing a disease?

There are multiple ways to achieve AI, and existential to them all is data. Without quality data, artificial intelligence is a pipedream. There are two ways data can be manipulatedeither through rules or machine learningto achieve AI, and some best practices to help you choose between the two methods.

Long before AI and machine learning (ML) became mainstream terms outside of the high-tech field, developers were encoding human knowledge into computer systems as rules that get stored in a knowledge base. These rules define all aspects of a task, typically in the form of If statements (if A, then do B, else if X, then do Y).

While the number of rules that have to be written depends on the number of actions you want a system to handle (for example, 20 actions means manually writing and coding at least 20 rules), rules-based systems are generally lower effort, more cost-effective and less risky since these rules wont change or update on their own. However, rules can limit AI capabilities with rigid intelligence that can only do what theyve been written to do.

While a rules-based system could be considered as having fixed intelligence, in contrast, a machine learning system is adaptive and attempts to simulate human intelligence. There is still a layer of underlying rules, but instead of a human writing a fixed set, the machine has the ability to learn new rules on its own, and discard ones that arent working anymore.

In practice, there are several ways a machine can learn, but supervised trainingwhen the machine is given data to train onis generally the first step in a machine learning program. Eventually, the machine will be able to interpret, categorize, and perform other tasks with unlabeled data or unknown information on its own.

The anticipated benefits to AI are high, so the decisions a company makes early in its execution can be critical to success. Foundational is aligning your technology choices to the underlying business goals that AI was set forth to achieve. What problems are you trying to solve, or challenges are you trying to meet?

The decision to implement a rules-based or machine learning system will have a long-term impact on how a companys AI program evolves and scales. Here are some best practices to consider when evaluating which approach is right for your organization:

When choosing a rules-based approach makes sense:

When to apply machine learning:

The promises of AI are real, but for many organizations, the challenge is where to begin. If you fall into this category, start by determining whether a rules-based or ML method will work best for your organization.

About the author:

Elana Krasner is Product Marketing Manager at 7Park Data, a data and analytics company that transforms raw data into analytics-ready products using machine learning and NLP technologies. She has been in the tech marketing field for almost 10 years and has worked across the industry in Cloud Computing, SaaS and Data Analytics.

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How to choose between rule-based AI and machine learning - TechTalks

Machine Learning Tools Used By The Kaggle Experts – Analytics India Magazine

There isnt a dearth of ML tools today. However, for a beginner, to know about the tool stack of those who win Kaggle competitions consistently is of great help. One can later go ahead and pick the tool of their choice. In the next section, we look at the top tools, frameworks, cloud services, libraries used by the Kaggle masters and Grand Masters, which they revealed to us in our exclusive interviews. That said, we have to admit that all these top Kagglers are of the opinion that one should not fall in love with tools, and it is all right as long any tools get the job done right!

4x Kaggle GM, Abhishek Thakur says that he frequently finds himself using TensorFlow for NLP problems and PyTorch for computer vision problems.

When it comes to favourite Python libraries, Thakur is in praise for Scikit-learn and how significant this library is in providing many necessary components to put a model into production.

Thakur, however, believes that there isnt a shortage of libraries or frameworks one can use these days, and its all good as long as one understands what is happening in the background.

Arthur says that a basic laptop would sometimes suffice. However, sometimes he rents some GPUs of Google cloud platform with Kaggle vouchers, depending on the competition.

Here is what Arthurs toolkit looks like:

A Kaggle master ranked in the top 20 in the competitions leaderboard, Mathurin says that he prefers Python to R, though he had been using R until 2015. Mathurin who has been in this field for over a decade and a half, his renewed interest in algorithms made him switch to Python gradually.

A look at Mathurins toolkit, which he keeps coming back to:

Duc, who is ranked in the world top 50 and also a chief data engineer and co-founder of the Vietnamese AI startup, Palexy, says that he and his team usually use one server with 2x1080Ti with a Kaggle kernel. For a competition like DeepFake, he prefers renting a server with 4x1080Ti on AWS.

Talking about frequently used tools, Duc said that he usually finds himself using Keras-TensorFlow, OpenCV, albumentation, lgbm, scikit-learn. A data engineer by profession, Duc says that the role of a data engineer is collecting data and preparing the data pipeline, and for a data engineering team to build the necessary infrastructure and architecture for data generation, they use SQL, MySQL, Spark, Hadoop, Hive, etc.

Whereas, in case of a data scientist who is responsible for obtaining insights from data and formulating these insights into a model to communicate with the clients, data scientists use statistics, visualisation (matplotlib, seaborn), modeling (sklearn, TensorFlow, PyTorch), etc

An AI engineer and a grandmaster, Darragh usually runs code off the command line and Spyder IDE and mainly leverages AWS and prototypes on his Macbook Pro, which he believes, is enough to check if a pipeline is working well before deploying. Regarding the frameworks, Darragh has expressed his liking for PyTorch over other frameworks for the kind of freedom it offers to experiment compared to others.

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Machine Learning Tools Used By The Kaggle Experts - Analytics India Magazine

Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product Types, And Applications Forecast To 2026 – 3rd Watch…

GlobalMarketers.biz presents an updated and Latest Study on Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) Market 2020-2026. The report comprises market predictions related to market size, revenue, production, CAGR, Consumption, gross margin, price, and other substantial factors. While focusing on the key driving and restraining forces for this market, the report also offers a complete study of the future trends and developments of the market.

It also examines the role of the leading market players involved in the industry including their corporate overview, financial summary, and SWOT analysis.

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Key market Players of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS):

Yottamine AnalyticsErsatz Labs, Inc.GoogleSift Science, Inc.MicrosoftBigMLAmazon Web ServicesIBMHewlett PackardAT&TFuzzy.aiHypergiant

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Global Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) Market Segmentation:

By Product Type:

Cloud and Web-based Application Programming Interface (APIs)Software ToolsOthers

By End-User

Cloud and Web-based Application Programming Interface (APIs)Software ToolsOthers

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Global Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) MarketRegional Analysis:

The Europe market is expected to account for majority revenue share over the forecast period owing to increasing demand for premium products in countries such as the Scotland, Italy, and Germany. The Asia Pacific market is expected to register a steady growth rate in the foreseeable future. China accounts for major production and exports of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS). Domestic consumption is also highest in the country. Chinas improving and rapidly growing economy in recent years and rising standard of living is projected to further support market growth.

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Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product Types, And Applications Forecast To 2026 - 3rd Watch...

Machine Learning Market 2019 Break Down by Top Companies, Countries, Applications, Challenges, Trends, Opportunities and Forecast 2026 – Cole of Duty

A new market report by Verified Market Research on the Machine Learning Market has been released with reliable information and accurate forecasts for a better understanding of the current and future market scenarios. The report offers an in-depth analysis of the global market, including qualitative and quantitative insights, historical data, and estimated projections about the market size and share in the forecast period. The forecasts mentioned in the report have been acquired by using proven research assumptions and methodologies. Hence, this research study serves as an important depository of the information for every market landscape. The report is segmented on the basis of types, end-users, applications, and regional markets.

The research study includes the latest updates about the COVID-19 impact on the Machine Learning sector. The outbreak has broadly influenced the global economic landscape. The report contains a complete breakdown of the current situation in the ever-evolving business sector and estimates the aftereffects of the outbreak on the overall economy.

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The report also emphasizes the initiatives undertaken by the companies operating in the market including product innovation, product launches, and technological development to help their organization offer more effective products in the market. It also studies notable business events, including corporate deals, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, partnerships, product launches, and brand promotions.

Leading Machine Learning manufacturers/companies operating at both regional and global levels:

The report also inspects the financial standing of the leading companies, which includes gross profit, revenue generation, sales volume, sales revenue, manufacturing cost, individual growth rate, and other financial ratios.

The report also focuses on the global industry trends, development patterns of industries, governing factors, growth rate, and competitive analysis of the market, growth opportunities, challenges, investment strategies, and forecasts till 2026. The Machine Learning Market was estimated at USD XX Million/Billion in 2016 and is estimated to reach USD XX Million/Billion by 2026, expanding at a rate of XX% over the forecast period. To calculate the market size, the report provides a thorough analysis of the market by accumulating, studying, and synthesizing primary and secondary data from multiple sources.

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The market is predicted to witness significant growth over the forecast period, owing to the growing consumer awareness about the benefits of Machine Learning. The increase in disposable income across the key geographies has also impacted the market positively. Moreover, factors like urbanization, high population growth, and a growing middle-class population with higher disposable income are also forecasted to drive market growth.

According to the research report, one of the key challenges that might hinder the market growth is the presence of counter fit products. The market is witnessing the entry of a surging number of alternative products that use inferior ingredients.

Key factors influencing market growth:

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Massey University’s Teo Susnjak on how Covid-19 broke machine learning, extreme data patterns, wealth and income inequality, bots and propaganda and…

This weeks Top 5 comes from Teo Susnjaka computer scientistspecialising in machine learning. He is a Senior Lecturer in Information Technology at Massey University and is the developer behind GDPLive.

As always, we welcome your additions in the comments below or via email to david.chaston@interest.co.nz.

And if you're interested in contributing the occasional Top 5yourself, contact gareth.vaughan@interest.co.nz.

1. Covid-19 broke machine learning.

As the Covid-19 crisis started to unfold, we started to change our buying patterns. All of a sudden, some of the top purchasing items became: antibacterial soap, sanitiser, face masks, yeast and of course, toilet paper. As the demand for these unexpected items exploded, retail supply chains were disrupted. But they weren't the only ones affected.

Artificial intelligence systems began to break too. The MIT Technology Review reports:

Machine-learning models that run behind the scenes in inventory management, fraud detection, and marketing rely on a cycle of normal human behavior. But what counts as normal has changed, and now some are no longer working.

How bad the situation is depends on whom you talk to. According to Pactera Edge, a global AI consultancy, automation is in tailspin. Others say they are keeping a cautious eye on automated systems that are just about holding up, stepping in with a manual correction when needed.

Whats clear is that the pandemic has revealed how intertwined our lives are with AI, exposing a delicate codependence in which changes to our behavior change how AI works, and changes to how AI works change our behavior. This is also a reminder that human involvement in automated systems remains key. You can never sit and forget when youre in such extraordinary circumstances, says Cline.

Image source: MIT Technology Review

The extreme data capturing a previously unseen collapse in consumer spending that feeds the real-time GDP predictor at GDPLive.net, also broke our machine learning algorithms.

2. Extreme data patterns.

The eminent economics and finance historian, Niall Ferguson (not to be confused with Neil Ferguson who also likes to create predictive models) recently remarked that the first month of the lockdown created conditions which took a full year to materialise during the Great Depression.

The chart below shows the consumption data falling off the cliff, generating inputs that broke econometrics and machine learning models.

What we want to see is a rapid V-shaped recovery in consumer spending. The chart below shows the most up-to-date consumer spending trends. Consumer spending has now largely recovered, but is still lower than that of the same period in 2019. One of the key questions will be whether or not this partial rebound will be temporary until the full economic impacts of the 'Great Lockdown' take effect.

Paymark tracks consumer spending on their new public dashboard. Check it out here.

3. Wealth and income inequality.

As the current economic crisis unfolds, GDP will take centre-stage again and all other measures which attempt to quantify wellbeing and social inequalities will likely be relegated until economic stability returns.

When the conversation does return to this topic, AI might have something to contribute.

Effectively addressing income inequality is a key challenge in economics with taxation being the most useful tool. Although taxation can lead to greater equalities, over-taxation discourages from working and entrepreneurship, and motivates tax avoidance. Ultimately this leaves less resources to redistribute. Striking an optimal balance is not straightforward.

The MIT Technology Reviewreports thatAI researchers at the US business technology company Salesforce implemented machine learning techniques that identify optimal tax policies for a simulated economy.

In one early result, the system found a policy thatin terms of maximising both productivity and income equalitywas 16% fairer than a state-of-the-art progressive tax framework studied by academic economists. The improvement over current US policy was even greater.

Image source: MIT Technology Review

It is unlikely that AI will have anything meaningful to contribute towards tackling wealth inequality though. If Walter Scheidel, author of The Great Leveller and professor of ancient history at Stanford is correct, then the only historically effective levellers of inequality are: wars, revolutions, state collapses and...pandemics.

4. Bots and propaganda.

Over the coming months, arguments over what has caused this crisis, whether it was the pandemic or the over-reactive lockdown policies, will occupy much of social media. According to The MIT Technology Review, bots are already being weaponised to fight these battles.

Nearly half of Twitter accounts pushing to reopen America may be bots. Bot activity has become an expected part of Twitter discourse for any politicized event. Across US and foreign elections and natural disasters, their involvement is normally between 10 and 20%. But in a new study, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University have found that bots may account for between 45 and 60% of Twitter accounts discussing covid-19.

To perform their analysis, the researchers studied more than 200 million tweets discussing coronavirus or covid-19 since January. They used machine-learning and network analysis techniques to identify which accounts were spreading disinformation and which were most likely bots or cyborgs (accounts run jointly by bots and humans).

They discovered more than 100 types of inaccurate Covid-19-19 stories and found that not only were bots gaining traction and accumulating followers, but they accounted for 82% of the top 50 and 62% of the top 1,000 influential retweeters.

Image source: MIT Technology Review

How confident are you that you can tell the difference between a human and a bot? You can test yourself out here. BTW, I failed.

5. Primed to believe bad predictions.

This has been a particularly uncertain time. We humans don't like uncertainty especially once it reaches a given threshold. We have an amazing brain that is able to perform complex pattern recognition that enables us to predict what's around the corner. When we do this, we resolve uncertainty and our brain releases dopamine, making us feel good. When we cannot make sense of the data and the uncertainty remains unresolved, then stress kicks in.

Writing on this in Forbes, John Jennings points out:

Research shows we dislike uncertainty so much that if we have to choose between a scenario in which we know we will receive electric shocks versus a situation in which the shocks will occur randomly, well select the more painful option of certain shocks.

The article goes on to highlight how we tend to react in uncertain times. Aversion to uncertainty drives some of us to try to resolve it immediately through simple answers that align with our existing worldviews. For others, there will be a greater tendency to cluster around like-minded people with similar worldviews as this is comforting. There are some amongst us who are information junkies and their hunt for new data to fill in the knowledge gaps will go into overdrive - with each new nugget of information generating a dopamine hit. Lastly, a number of us will rely on experts who will use their crystal balls to find for us the elusive signal in all the noise, and ultimately tell us what will happen.

The last one is perhaps the most pertinent right now. Since we have a built-in drive that seeks to avoid ambiguity, in stressful times such as this, our biology makes us susceptible to accepting bad predictions about the future as gospel especially if they are generated by experts.

Experts at predicting the future do not have a strong track record considering how much weight is given to them. Their predictive models failed to see the Global Financial Crisis coming, they overstated the economic fallout of Brexit, the climate change models and their forecasts are consistently off-track, and now we have the pandemic models.

Image source:drroyspencer.com

The author suggests that this time "presents the mother of all opportunities to practice learning to live with uncertainty". I would also add that a good dose of humility on the side of the experts, and a good dose of scepticism in their ability to accurately predict the future both from the public and decision makers, would also serve us well.

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Massey University's Teo Susnjak on how Covid-19 broke machine learning, extreme data patterns, wealth and income inequality, bots and propaganda and...

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and the Future of Graphs – BBN Times

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I am a skeptic of machine learning. There, I've said it. I say this not because I don't think that machine learning is a poor technology - it's actually quite powerful for what it does - but because machine-learning by itself is only half a solution.

To explain this (and the relationship that graphs have to machine learning and AI), it's worth spending a bit of time exploring what exactly machine learning does, how it works. Machine learning isn't actually one particular algorithm or piece of software, but rather the use of statistical algorithms to analyze large amounts of data and from that construct a model that can, at a minimum, classify the data consistently. If it's done right, the reasoning goes, it should then be possible to use that model to classify new information so that it's consistent with what's already known.

Many such systems make use of clustering algorithms - they take a look at data as vectors that can be described in an n-dimensional space. That is to say, there are n different facets that describe a particular thing, such as a thing's color, shape (morphology), size, texture, and so forth. Some of these attributes can be identified by a single binary (does the thing have a tail or not), but in most cases the attributes usually range along a spectrum, such as "does the thing have an an exclusively protein-based diet (an obligate carnivore) or does its does consist of a certain percentage of grains or other plants?". In either case, this means that it is possible to use the attribute as a means to create a number between zero and one (what mathematicians would refer to as a normal orthogonal vector).

Orthogonality is an interesting concept. In mathematics, two vectors are considered orthogonal if there exists some coordinate system in which you cannot express any information about one vector using the other. For instance, if two vectors are at right angles to one another, then there is one coordinate system where one vector aligns with the x-axis and the other with the y-axis. I cannot express any part of the length of a vector along the y axis by multiplying the length of the vector on the x-axis. In this case they are independent of one another.

This independence is important. Mathematically, there is no correlation between the two vectors - they represent different things, and changing one vector tells me nothing about any other vector. When vectors are not orthogonal, one bleeds a bit (or more than a bit) into another. One two vectors are parallel to one another, they are fully correlated - one vector can be expressed as a multiple of the other. A vector in two dimensions can always be expressed as the "sum" of two orthogonal vectors, a vector in three dimensions, can always be expressed as the "sum" of three orthogonal vectors and so forth.

If you can express a thing as a vector consisting of weighted values, this creates a space where related things will generally be near one another in an n-dimensional space. Cats, dogs, and bears are all carnivores, so in a model describing animals, they will tend to be clustered in a different group than rabbits, voles, and squirrels based upon their dietary habits. At the same time cats,, dogs and bears will each tend to cluster in different groups based upon size as even a small adult bear will always be larger than the largest cat and almost all dogs. In a two dimensional space, it becomes possible to carve out a region where you have large carnivores, medium-sized carnivores, small carnivores, large herbivores and so forth.

Machine learning (at its simplest) would recognize that when you have a large carnivore, given a minimal dataset, you're likely to classify that as a bear, because based upon the two vectors size and diet every time you are at the upper end of the vectors for those two values, everything you've already seen (your training set) is a bear, while no vectors outside of this range are classified in this way.

A predictive model with only two independent vectors is going to be pretty useless as a classifier for more than a small set of items. A fox and a dog will be indistinguishable in this model, and for that matter, a small dog such as a Shitsu vs. a Maine Coon cat will confuse the heck out of such a classifier. On the flip side, the more variables that you add, the harder it is to ensure orthogonality, and the more difficult it then becomes determine what exactly is the determining factor(s) for classification, and consequently increasing the chances of misclassification. A panda bear is, anatomically and genetically, a bear. Yet because of a chance genetic mutation it is only able to reasonably digest bamboo, making it a herbivore.

You'd need to go to a very fine-grained classifier, one capable of identifying genomic structures, to identify a panda as a bear. The problem here is not in the mathematics but in the categorization itself. Categorizations are ultimately linguistic structures. Normalization functions are themselves arbitrary, and how you normalize will ultimately impact the kind of clustering that forms. When the number of dimensions in the model (even assuming that they are independent, which gets harder to determine with more variables) gets too large, then the size of hulls for clustering becomes too small, and interpreting what those hulls actually significant become too complex.

This is one reason that I'm always dubious when I hear about machine learning models that have thousands or even millions of dimensions. As with attempting to do linear regressions on curves, there are typically only a handful of parameters that typically drive most of the significant curve fitting, which is ultimately just looking for adequate clustering to identify meaningful patterns - and typically once these patterns are identified, then they are encoded and indexed.

Facial recognition, for instance, is considered a branch of machine learning, but for the most part it works because human faces exist within a skeletal structure that limits the variations of light and dark patterns of the face. This makes it easy to identify the ratios involved between eyes, nose, and mouth, chin and cheekbones, hairlines and other clues, and from that reduce this information to a graph in which the edges reflect relative distances between those parts. This can, in turn, be hashed as a unique number, in essence encoding a face as a graph in a database. Note this pattern. Because the geometry is consistent, rotating a set of vectors to present a consistent pattern is relatively simple (especially for modern GPUs).

Facial recognition then works primarily due to the ability to hash (and consequently compare) graphs in databases. This is the same way that most biometric scans work, taking a large enough sample of datapoints from unique images to encode ratios, then using the corresponding key to retrieve previously encoded graphs. Significantly, there's usually very little actual classification going on here, save perhaps in using courser meshes to reduce the overall dataset being queried. Indeed, the real speed ultimately is a function of indexing.

This is where the world of machine learning collides with that of graphs. I'm going to make an assertion here, one that might get me into trouble with some readers. Right now there's a lot of argument about the benefits and drawbacks of property graphs vs. knowledge graphs. I contend that this argument is moot - it's a discussion about optimization strategies, and the sooner that we get past that argument, the sooner that graphs will make their way into the mainstream.

Ultimately, we need to recognize that the principal value of a graph is to index information so that it does not need to be recalculated. One way to do this is to use machine learning to classify, and semantics to bind that classification to the corresponding resource (as well as to the classifier as an additional resource). If I have a phrase that describes a drink as being nutty or fruity, then these should be identified as classifications that apply to drinks (specifically to coffees, teas or wines). If I come across flavors such as hazelnut, cashew or almond, then these should be correlated with nuttiness, and again stored in a semantic graph.

The reason for this is simple - machine learning without memory is pointless and expensive. Machine learning is fast facing a crisis in that it requires a lot of cycles to train, classify and report. Tie machine learning into a knowledge graph, and you don't have to relearn all the time, and you can also reduce the overall computational costs dramatically. Furthermore, you can make use of inferencing, which are rules that can make use of generalization and faceting in ways that are difficult to pull off in a relational data system. Something is bear-like if it is large, has thick fur, does not have opposable thumbs, has a muzzle, is capable of extended bipedal movement and is omnivorous.

What's more, the heuristic itself is a graph, and as such is a resource that can be referenced. This is something that most people fail to understand about both SPARQL and SHACL. They are each essentially syntactic sugar on top of graph templates. They can be analyzed, encoded and referenced. When a new resource is added into a graph, the ingestion process can and should run against such templates to see if they match, then insert or delete corresponding additional metadata as the data is folded in.

Additionally, one of those pieces of metadata may very well end up being an identifier for the heuristic itself, creating what's often termed a reverse query. Reverse queries are significant because they make it possible to determine which family of classifiers was used to make decisions about how an entity is classified, and from that ascertain the reasons why a given entity was classified a certain way in the first place.

This gets back to one of the biggest challenges seen in both AI and machine learning - understanding why a given resource was classified. When you have potentially thousands of facets that may have potentially been responsible for a given classification, the ability to see causal chains can go a long way towards making such a classification system repeatable and determining whether the reason for a given classification was legitimate or an artifact of the data collection process. This is not something that AI by itself is very good at, because it's a contextual problem. In effect, semantic graphs (and graphs in general) provide a way of making recommendations self-documenting, and hence making it easier to trust the results of AI algorithms.

One of the next major innovations that I see in graph technology is actually a mathematical change. Most graphs that exist right now can be thought of as collections of fixed vectors, entities connected by properties with fixed values. However, it is possible (especially when using property graphs) to create properties that are essentially parameterized over time (or other variables) or that may be passed as functional results from inbound edges. This is, in fact, an alternative approach to describing neural networks (both physical and artificial), and it has the effect of being able to make inferences based upon changing conditions over time.

This approach can be seen as one form of modeling everything from the likelihood of events happening given other events (Bayesian trees) or modeling complex cost-benefit relationships. This can be facilitated even today with some work, but the real value will come with standardization, as such graphs (especially when they are closed network circuits) can in fact act as trainable neuron circuits.

It is also likely that graphs will play a central role in Smart Contracts, "documents" that not only specify partners and conditions but also can update themselves transactional, can trigger events and can spawn other contracts and actions. These do not specifically fall within the mandate of "artificial intelligence" per se, but the impact that smart contracts play in business and society, in general, will be transformative at the very least.

It's unlikely that this is the last chapter on graphs, either (though it is the last in the series about the State of the Graph). Graphs, ultimately, are about connections and context. How do things relate to one another? How are they connected? What do people know, and how do they know them. They underlie contracts and news, research and entertainment, history and how the future is shaped. Graphs promise a means of generating knowledge, creating new models, and even learning. They remind us that, even as forces try to push us apart, we are all ultimately only a few hops from one another in many, many ways.

I'm working on a book calledContext, hopefully out by Summer 2020. Until then, stay connected.

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Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and the Future of Graphs - BBN Times

2020 Current trends in Machine Learning in Education Market Share, Growth, Demand, Trends, Region Wise Analysis of Top Players and Forecasts – Cole of…

Machine Learning in EducationMarket 2020: Inclusive Insight

Los Angeles, United States, May 2020:The report titled Global Machine Learning in Education Market is one of the most comprehensive and important additions to Alexareports archive of market research studies. It offers detailed research and analysis of key aspects of the global Machine Learning in Education market. The market analysts authoring this report have provided in-depth information on leading growth drivers, restraints, challenges, trends, and opportunities to offer a complete analysis of the global Machine Learning in Education market. Market participants can use the analysis on market dynamics to plan effective growth strategies and prepare for future challenges beforehand. Each trend of the global Machine Learning in Education market is carefully analyzed and researched about by the market analysts.

Machine Learning in Education Market competition by top manufacturers/ Key player Profiled: IBM, Microsoft, Google, Amazon, Cognizan, Pearson, Bridge-U, DreamBox Learning, Fishtree, Jellynote, Quantum Adaptive Learning

Get PDF Sample Copy of the Report to understand the structure of the complete report:(Including Full TOC, List of Tables & Figures, Chart) : https://www.alexareports.com/report-sample/849042

Global Machine Learning in Education Market is estimated to reach xxx million USD in 2020 and projected to grow at the CAGR of xx% during 2020-2026. According to the latest report added to the online repository of Alexareports the Machine Learning in Education market has witnessed an unprecedented growth till 2020. The extrapolated future growth is expected to continue at higher rates by 2026.

Machine Learning in Education Market Segment by Type covers: Cloud-Based, On-Premise

Machine Learning in Education Market Segment by Application covers:Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Virtual Facilitators, Content Delivery Systems, Interactive Websites

After reading the Machine Learning in Education market report, readers get insight into:

*Major drivers and restraining factors, opportunities and challenges, and the competitive landscape*New, promising avenues in key regions*New revenue streams for all players in emerging markets*Focus and changing role of various regulatory agencies in bolstering new opportunities in various regions*Demand and uptake patterns in key industries of the Machine Learning in Education market*New research and development projects in new technologies in key regional markets*Changing revenue share and size of key product segments during the forecast period*Technologies and business models with disruptive potential

Based on region, the globalMachine Learning in Education market has been segmented into Americas (North America ((the U.S. and Canada),) and Latin Americas), Europe (Western Europe (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, UK and Rest of Europe) and Eastern Europe), Asia Pacific (Japan, India, China, Australia & South Korea, and Rest of Asia Pacific), and Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa).

Key questions answered in the report:

What will the market growth rate of Machine Learning in Education market?What are the key factors driving the global Machine Learning in Education market size?Who are the key manufacturers in Machine Learning in Education market space?What are the market opportunities, market risk and market overview of the Machine Learning in Education market?What are sales, revenue, and price analysis of top manufacturers of Machine Learning in Education market?Who are the distributors, traders, and dealers of Machine Learning in Education market?What are the Machine Learning in Education market opportunities and threats faced by the vendors in the global Machine Learning in Education industries?What are sales, revenue, and price analysis by types and applications of Machine Learning in Education market?What are sales, revenue, and price analysis by regions of Machine Learning in Education industries?

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Table of ContentsSection 1 Machine Learning in Education Product DefinitionSection 2 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Manufacturer Share and Market Overview2.1 Global Manufacturer Machine Learning in Education Shipments2.2 Global Manufacturer Machine Learning in Education Business Revenue2.3 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Overview2.4 COVID-19 Impact on Machine Learning in Education IndustrySection 3 Manufacturer Machine Learning in Education Business Introduction3.1 IBM Machine Learning in Education Business Introduction3.1.1 IBM Machine Learning in Education Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-20193.1.2 IBM Machine Learning in Education Business Distribution by Region3.1.3 IBM Interview Record3.1.4 IBM Machine Learning in Education Business Profile3.1.5 IBM Machine Learning in Education Product Specification3.2 Microsoft Machine Learning in Education Business Introduction3.2.1 Microsoft Machine Learning in Education Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-20193.2.2 Microsoft Machine Learning in Education Business Distribution by Region3.2.3 Interview Record3.2.4 Microsoft Machine Learning in Education Business Overview3.2.5 Microsoft Machine Learning in Education Product Specification3.3 Google Machine Learning in Education Business Introduction3.3.1 Google Machine Learning in Education Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-20193.3.2 Google Machine Learning in Education Business Distribution by Region3.3.3 Interview Record3.3.4 Google Machine Learning in Education Business Overview3.3.5 Google Machine Learning in Education Product Specification3.4 Amazon Machine Learning in Education Business Introduction3.5 Cognizan Machine Learning in Education Business Introduction3.6 Pearson Machine Learning in Education Business IntroductionSection 4 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Region Level)4.1 North America Country4.1.1 United States Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.1.2 Canada Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.2 South America Country4.2.1 South America Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.3 Asia Country4.3.1 China Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.3.2 Japan Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.3.3 India Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.3.4 Korea Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.4 Europe Country4.4.1 Germany Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.4.2 UK Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.4.3 France Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.4.4 Italy Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.4.5 Europe Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.5 Other Country and Region4.5.1 Middle East Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.5.2 Africa Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.5.3 GCC Machine Learning in Education Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.6 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Region Level) Analysis 2014-20194.7 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Region Level) AnalysisSection 5 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Product Type Level)5.1 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2014-20195.2 Different Machine Learning in Education Product Type Price 2014-20195.3 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) AnalysisSection 6 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Industry Level)6.1 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size 2014-20196.2 Different Industry Price 2014-20196.3 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Industry Level) AnalysisSection 7 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Channel Level)7.1 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Sales Volume and Share 2014-20197.2 Global Machine Learning in Education Market Segmentation (Channel Level) AnalysisSection 8 Machine Learning in Education Market Forecast 2019-20248.1 Machine Learning in Education Segmentation Market Forecast (Region Level)8.2 Machine Learning in Education Segmentation Market Forecast (Product Type Level)8.3 Machine Learning in Education Segmentation Market Forecast (Industry Level)8.4 Machine Learning in Education Segmentation Market Forecast (Channel Level)Section 9 Machine Learning in Education Segmentation Product Type9.1 Cloud-Based Product Introduction9.2 On-Premise Product IntroductionSection 10 Machine Learning in Education Segmentation Industry10.1 Intelligent Tutoring Systems Clients10.2 Virtual Facilitators Clients10.3 Content Delivery Systems Clients10.4 Interactive Websites ClientsSection 11 Machine Learning in Education Cost of Production Analysis11.1 Raw Material Cost Analysis11.2 Technology Cost Analysis11.3 Labor Cost Analysis11.4 Cost OverviewSection 12 Conclusion

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2020 Current trends in Machine Learning in Education Market Share, Growth, Demand, Trends, Region Wise Analysis of Top Players and Forecasts - Cole of...

Trending now: Machine Learning in Communication Market Size, Share, Industry Trends, Growth Insight, Share, Competitive Analysis, Statistics,…

Machine Learning in Communication Market 2025:The latest research report published by Alexa Reports presents an analytical study titled as global Machine Learning in Communication Market 2020. The report is a brief study on the performance of both historical records along with the recent trends. This report studies the Machine Learning in Communication industry based on the type, application, and region. The report also analyzes factors such as drivers, restraints, opportunities, and trends affecting the market growth. It evaluates the opportunities and challenges in the market for stakeholders and provides particulars of the competitive landscape for market leaders.

Get Full PDF Sample Copy of Report: (Including Full TOC, List of Tables & Figures, Chart) @https://www.alexareports.com/report-sample/849041

This study considers the Machine Learning in Communication value generated from the sales of the following segments:

The key manufacturers covered in this report: Breakdown data in in Chapter:- Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, Google, Nextiva, Nexmo, Twilio, Dialpad, Cisco, RingCentral

Segmentation by Type: Cloud-Based, On-Premise

Segmentation by Application: Network Optimization, Predictive Maintenance, Virtual Assistants, Robotic Process Automation (RPA)

The report studies micro-markets concerning their growth trends, prospects, and contributions to the total Machine Learning in Communication market. The report forecasts the revenue of the market segments concerning four major regions, namely, Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Middle East & Africa.

The report studies Machine Learning in Communication Industry sections and the current market portions will help the readers in arranging their business systems to design better products, enhance the user experience, and craft a marketing plan that attracts quality leads, and enhances conversion rates. It likewise demonstrates future opportunities for the forecast years 2019-2025.

The report is designed to comprise both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the global industry concerning every region and country basis.

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The report has been prepared based on the synthesis, analysis, and interpretation of information about the Machine Learning in Communication market 2020 collected from specialized sources. The competitive landscape chapter of the report provides a comprehensible insight into the market share analysis of key market players. Company overview, SWOT analysis, financial overview, product portfolio, new project launched, recent market development analysis are the parameters included in the profile.

Some of the key questions answered by the report are:

What was the size of the market in 2014-2019?What will be the market growth rate and market size in the forecast period 2020-2025?What are the market dynamics and market trends?Which segment and region will dominate the market in the forecast period?Which are the key market players, competitive landscape and key development strategies of them?

The last part investigates the ecosystem of the consumer market which consists of established manufacturers, their market share, strategies, and break-even analysis. Also, the demand and supply side is portrayed with the help of new product launches and diverse application industries. Various primary sources from both, the supply and demand sides of the market were examined to obtain qualitative and quantitative information.

Table of ContentsSection 1 Machine Learning in Communication Product DefinitionSection 2 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Manufacturer Share and Market Overview2.1 Global Manufacturer Machine Learning in Communication Shipments2.2 Global Manufacturer Machine Learning in Communication Business Revenue2.3 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Overview2.4 COVID-19 Impact on Machine Learning in Communication IndustrySection 3 Manufacturer Machine Learning in Communication Business Introduction3.1 Amazon Machine Learning in Communication Business Introduction3.1.1 Amazon Machine Learning in Communication Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-20193.1.2 Amazon Machine Learning in Communication Business Distribution by Region3.1.3 Amazon Interview Record3.1.4 Amazon Machine Learning in Communication Business Profile3.1.5 Amazon Machine Learning in Communication Product Specification3.2 IBM Machine Learning in Communication Business Introduction3.2.1 IBM Machine Learning in Communication Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-20193.2.2 IBM Machine Learning in Communication Business Distribution by Region3.2.3 Interview Record3.2.4 IBM Machine Learning in Communication Business Overview3.2.5 IBM Machine Learning in Communication Product Specification3.3 Microsoft Machine Learning in Communication Business Introduction3.3.1 Microsoft Machine Learning in Communication Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-20193.3.2 Microsoft Machine Learning in Communication Business Distribution by Region3.3.3 Interview Record3.3.4 Microsoft Machine Learning in Communication Business Overview3.3.5 Microsoft Machine Learning in Communication Product Specification3.4 Google Machine Learning in Communication Business Introduction3.5 Nextiva Machine Learning in Communication Business Introduction3.6 Nexmo Machine Learning in Communication Business IntroductionSection 4 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Region Level)4.1 North America Country4.1.1 United States Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.1.2 Canada Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.2 South America Country4.2.1 South America Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.3 Asia Country4.3.1 China Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.3.2 Japan Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.3.3 India Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.3.4 Korea Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.4 Europe Country4.4.1 Germany Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.4.2 UK Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.4.3 France Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.4.4 Italy Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.4.5 Europe Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.5 Other Country and Region4.5.1 Middle East Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.5.2 Africa Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.5.3 GCC Machine Learning in Communication Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-20194.6 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Region Level) Analysis 2014-20194.7 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Region Level) AnalysisSection 5 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Product Type Level)5.1 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2014-20195.2 Different Machine Learning in Communication Product Type Price 2014-20195.3 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) AnalysisSection 6 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Industry Level)6.1 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size 2014-20196.2 Different Industry Price 2014-20196.3 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Industry Level) AnalysisSection 7 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Channel Level)7.1 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Sales Volume and Share 2014-20197.2 Global Machine Learning in Communication Market Segmentation (Channel Level) AnalysisSection 8 Machine Learning in Communication Market Forecast 2019-20248.1 Machine Learning in Communication Segmentation Market Forecast (Region Level)8.2 Machine Learning in Communication Segmentation Market Forecast (Product Type Level)8.3 Machine Learning in Communication Segmentation Market Forecast (Industry Level)8.4 Machine Learning in Communication Segmentation Market Forecast (Channel Level)Section 9 Machine Learning in Communication Segmentation Product Type9.1 Cloud-Based Product Introduction9.2 On-Premise Product IntroductionSection 10 Machine Learning in Communication Segmentation Industry10.1 Network Optimization Clients10.2 Predictive Maintenance Clients10.3 Virtual Assistants Clients10.4 Robotic Process Automation (RPA) ClientsSection 11 Machine Learning in Communication Cost of Production Analysis11.1 Raw Material Cost Analysis11.2 Technology Cost Analysis11.3 Labor Cost Analysis11.4 Cost OverviewSection 12 Conclusion

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Thus, Machine Learning in Communication Market serves as a valuable material for all industry competitors and individuals having a keen interest in the study.

About Us:Alexa Reports is a globally celebrated premium market research service provider, with a strong legacy of empowering business with years of experience. We help our clients by implementing decision support system through progressive statistical surveying, in-depth market analysis, and reliable forecast data.

Contact Us:Alexa ReportsPh. no: +1-408-844-4624Email: [emailprotected]Site: https://www.alexareports.com

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Trending now: Machine Learning in Communication Market Size, Share, Industry Trends, Growth Insight, Share, Competitive Analysis, Statistics,...

Machine Learning Takes The Embarrassment Out Of Videoconference Wardrobe Malfunctions – Hackaday

Telecommuters: tired of the constant embarrassment of showing up to video conferences wearing nothing but your underwear? Save the humiliation and all those pesky trips down to HR with Safe Meeting, the new system that uses the power of artificial intelligence to turn off your camera if you forget that casual Friday isnt supposed to be that casual.

The following infomercial is brought to you by [Nick Bild], who says the whole thing is tongue-in-cheek but we sense a certain degree of necessity is the mother of invention here. Its true that the sudden throng of remote-work newbies certainly increases the chance of videoconference mishaps and the resulting mortification, so whatever the impetus, Safe Meeting seems like a great idea. It uses a Pi cam connected to a Jetson Nano to capture images of you during videoconferences, which are conducted over another camera. The stream is classified by a convolutional neural net (CNN) that determines whether it can see your underwear. If it can, it makes a REST API call to the conferencing app to turn off the camera. The video below shows it in action, and that it douses the camera quickly enough to spare your modesty.

We shudder to think about how [Nick] developed an underwear-specific training set, but we applaud him for doing so and coming up with a neat application for machine learning. Hes been doing some fun work in this space lately, from monitoring where surfaces have been touched to a 6502-based gesture recognition system.

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Machine Learning Takes The Embarrassment Out Of Videoconference Wardrobe Malfunctions - Hackaday

Microsoft throws weight behind machine learning hacking competition – The Daily Swig

Emma Woollacott02 June 2020 at 13:14 UTC Updated: 02 June 2020 at 14:48 UTC

ML security evasion event is based on a similar competition held at DEF CON 27 last summer

The defensive capabilities of machine learning (ML) systems will be stretched to the limit at a Microsoft security event this summer.

Along with various industry partners, the company is sponsoring a Machine Learning Security Evasion Competition involving both ML experts and cybersecurity professionals.

The event is based on a similar competition held at AI Village at DEF CON 27 last summer, where contestants took part in a white-box attack against static malware machine learning models.

Several participants discovered approaches that completely and simultaneously bypassed three different machine learning anti-malware models.

The 2020 Machine Learning Security Evasion Competition is similarly designed to surface countermeasures to adversarial behavior and raise awareness about the variety of ways ML systems may be evaded by malware, in order to better defend against these techniques, says Hyrum Anderson, Microsofts principal architect for enterprise protection and detection.

The competition will consist of two different challenges. A Defender Challenge will run from June 15 through July 23, with the aim of identifying new defenses to counter cyber-attacks.

The winning defensive technique will need to be able to detect real-world malware with moderate false-positive rates, says the team.

Next, an Attacker Challenge running from August 6 through September 18 provides a black-box threat model.

Participants will be given API access to hosted anti-malware models, including those developed in the Defender Challenge.

RECOMMENDED DEF CON 2020: Safe Mode virtual event will be free to attend, organizers confirm

Contestants will attempt to evade defenses using hard-label query results, with samples from final submissions detonated in a sandbox to make sure theyre still functional.

The final ranking will depend on the total number of API queries required by a contestant, as well as evasion rates, says the team.

Each challenge will net the winner $2,500 in Azure credits, with the runner up getting $500 in Azure credits.

To win, researchers must publish their detection or evasion strategies. Individuals or teams can register on the MLSec website.

Companies investing heavily in machine learning are being subjected to various degrees of adversarial behavior, and most organizations are not well-positioned to adapt, says Anderson.

It is our goal that through our internal research and external partnerships and engagements including this competition well collectively begin to change that.

READ MORE Going deep: How advances in machine learning can improve DDoS attack detection

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Microsoft throws weight behind machine learning hacking competition - The Daily Swig