Category Archives: Quantum Computer
Better AI, unhackable communication, spotting submarines: the quantum tech arms race is heating up – The Mandarin
Quantum technology, which makes use of the surprising and often counterintuitive properties of the subatomic universe, is revolutionising the way information is gathered, stored, shared and analysed.
The commercial and scientific potential of the quantum revolution is vast, but it is in national security that quantum technology is making the biggest waves. National governments are by far the heaviest investors in quantum research and development.
Quantum technology promises breakthroughs in weapons, communications, sensing and computing technology that could change the worlds balance of military power. The potential for strategic advantage has spurred a major increase in funding and research and development in recent years.
The three key areas of quantum technology are computing, communications and sensing. Particularly in the United States and China, all three are now seen as crucial parts of the struggle for economic and military supremacy.
Developing quantum technology isnt cheap. Only a small number of states have the organisational capacity and technological know-how to compete.
Russia, India, Japan, the European Union and Australia have established significant quantum research and development programs. But China and the US hold a substantial lead in the new quantum race.
And the race is heating up. In 2015 the US was the worlds largest investor in quantum technology, having spent around US$500 million dollars. By 2021 this investment had grown to almost US$2.1 billion.
However, Chinese investment in quantum technology in the same period expanded from US$300 million to an estimated US$13 billion.
The leaders of the two nations, Joe Biden and Xi Jinping, have both emphasised the importance of quantum technology as a critical national security tool in recent years.
The US federal government has established a three pillars model of quantum research, under which federal investment is split between civilian, defence and intelligence agencies.
In China, information on quantum security programs is more opaque, but the Peoples Liberation Army is known to be supporting quantum research through its own military science academies as well as extensive funding programs into the broader scientific community.
Advances in quantum computing could result in a leap in artificial intelligence and machine learning.
This could improve the performance of lethal autonomous weapons systems (which can select and engage targets without human oversight). It would also make it easier to analyse the large data sets used in defence intelligence and cyber security.
Improved machine learning may also confer a major advantage in carrying out (and defending against) cyber attacks on both civilian and military infrastructure.
The most powerful current quantum computer (as far as we know) is made by the US company IBM, which works closely with US defence and intelligence.
Quantum communication systems can be completely secure and unhackable. Quantum communication is also required for networking quantum computers, which is expected to enhance quantum computational power exponentially.
China is the clear global leader here. A quantum communication network using ground and satellite connections already links Beijing, Shanghai, Jinan and Heifei.
Chinas prioritisation of secure quantum communications is likely linked to revelations of US covert global surveillance operations. The US has been by far the most advanced and effective communications, surveillance and intelligence power for the past 70 years but that could change with a successful Chinese effort.
Quantum computing and communications hold out the promise of future advantage, but the quantum technology closest to military deployment today is quantum sensing.
New quantum sensing systems offer more sensitive detection and measurement of the physical environment. Existing stealth systems, including the latest generation of warplanes and ultra-quiet nuclear submarines, may no longer be so hard to spot.
Superconducting quantum interference devices (or SQUIDs), which can make extremely sensitive measurements of magnetic fields, are expected to make it easier to detect submarines underwater in the near future.
At present, undetectable submarines armed with nuclear missiles are regarded as an essential deterrent against nuclear war because they could survive an attack on their home country and retaliate against the attacker. Networks of more advanced SQUIDs could make these submarines more detectable (and vulnerable) in the future, upsetting the balance of nuclear deterrence and the logic of mutually assured destruction.
The US is integrating quantum cooperation agreements into existing alliances such as NATO, as well as into more recent strategic arrangements such as the AustraliaUKUS AUKUS security pact and the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (the Quad) between Australia, India, Japan, and the US.
China already cooperates with Russia in many areas of technology, and events may well propel closer quantum cooperation.
In the Cold War between the US and the USSR, nuclear weapons were the transformative technology. International standards and agreements were developed to regulate them and ensure some measure of safety and predictability.
In much the same way, new accords and arrangements will be needed as the quantum arms race heats up.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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Coding breakthrough for quantum computing to benefit emerging tech sector
Latest Kyoto Prize Laureates to Share Stories of Life and Innovation, Free to Public, March 30-31 (PDT) – BioSpace
Symposium's live and online events will feature global award winners discussing technology, science and philosophy; San Diego and Tijuana students to receive university scholarships
SAN DIEGO, March 28, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- The 21st annual Kyoto Prize Symposium this week celebrates the three latest laureates of the Kyoto Prize, Japan's highest private award for global achievement, during live and online events co-hosted by University of California, San Diego and Point Loma Nazarene University.
A virtual benefit gala and opening ceremony honoring the laureates will occur Wed., March 30, PDT-6:30pm, presided by Symposium and Gala Chair Mr. Kazuo Koshi, Executive Chairman of MUFG Americas Holdings and its U.S. subsidiary, MUFG Union Bank. The evening will culminate in the presentation of the 2022-2023 Kyoto Prize scholarships, valued at up to US$10,000 or MXN100,000 each, to six outstanding high school seniors from the San Diego-Baja region. No admission fee to view the livestream will be charged to guests who register HERE (https://bit.ly/kps2022gala) in advance. Anyone interested in supporting the event with a voluntary tax-deductible contribution can become a sponsor by calling (858) 733-0323.
Free Public Lectures Featuring Latest Kyoto Prize LaureatesThe Kyoto Prize Symposium's March 30-31 lectures are also free and open to the public for those who register using the links below:
"A Journey Through Computer Science," featuring Prof. Andrew Chi-Chih Yao, Ph.D.,Computer Scientist and 36th Kyoto Prize Laureate in Advanced Technology
No admission fee for registered guests; please register here (or visit https://bit.ly/kps2022technology) to get log-in instructions well before this virtual, online event.
Prof. Yao serves as Dean of the Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences at Tsinghua University and held prior teaching positions at both MIT and Stanford. His work has opened new frontiers in the field of computer science while contributing cutting-edge research in multiple areas, including computational complexity, data security, and quantum computing, by establishing innovative, fundamental theories for computation and communication.
"Starting in the 1970s, Professor Yao anticipated and enabled the increased scope of digital technology worldwide, providing fundamental tools to expand the opportunities and mitigate the risks," said Professor Russell Impagliazzo of UC San Diego's Computer Sciences and Engineering Department. "His work underpins applications that we use today, including network security, data privacy, e-commerce, blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies, and distributed computing, as well as cutting edge ideas such as quantum computation."
"Regulation of Transcription in Animal Cells: A 50-Year Journey Revealing an Expanding Universe of Factors and Mechanisms," featuring Prof. Robert G. Roeder, Ph.D.,Biochemist, Molecular Biologist, and 36th Kyoto Prize Laureate in Basic Sciences
No admission fee for registered guests; please register here (or visit https://bit.ly/kps2022science) to get driving and parking instructions well before this live, in-person event at Institute of the Americas in La Jolla.
Robert G. Roeder serves as Arnold and Mabel Beckman Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at The Rockefeller University. Over more than 50 years of pioneering research, Professor Roeder has revealed the principle of the regulatory mechanism of gene transcription in eukaryotes. In addition to discovering the three main RNA polymerases, he is credited with identifying basic transcription factors, including one of the first gene-specific factors, and regulators in transcription from chromatin, making profound contributions to the life sciences.
"Over five decades of pioneering research, Roeder has illuminated the mechanism of gene transcription, directly and indirectly supporting countless new breakthroughs in the biological sciences," said Distinguished Professor James Kadonaga, Amylin Endowed Chair in Lifesciences Education and Research at UC San Diego. "One recent example is the dramatic development of antiviral treatments, such as Remdesivir. The discovery of many drugs for COVID-19, AIDS, and other viral diseases relies upon the knowledge that has been provided by Roeder and other colleagues in the transcription field."
"How to React to a Change in Cosmology," featuring Prof. Bruno Latour, Ph.D.,Philosopher and 36th Kyoto Prize Laureate in "Arts and Philosophy"
No admission fee for registered guests; please register here (or visit https://bit.ly/kps2022arts) to get log-in instructions well before this virtual, online event.
Bruno Latour, Professor Emeritus at the Paris Institute of Political Studies, revolutionized the conventional view of science by treating nature, humans, laboratory equipment, and other entities as equal actors, and describing technoscience as the hybrid network of these actors. Prof. Latour's philosophy re-examines "modernity" based on the dualism of nature and society, influencing diverse disciplines with multifaceted activities that include proposals to address global environmental issues.
"Latour achieved early academic acclaim as co-author of the 1979 book Laboratory Life, based on two years he spent observing scientists at the Salk Institute in San Diego," said Prof. John Evans, Co-director of the Institute for Practical Ethics at UC San Diego. "His criticisms and defenses of scientific thinking have burnished his reputation as a sociologist and philosopher of science. Today, with trust in science at a low point, Latour's deeper understanding of the scientific enterprise offers a way forward."
"It is always an honor and a pleasure to welcome world-leading thinkers to San Diego," said Ray McKewon, chair of the Kyoto Symposium Organization. "We are delighted to host these Kyoto Prize laureates, and to introduce this year's Kyoto Prize scholarship recipients, whose high school achievements already foretell great promise for the next generation."
The Kyoto PrizeThe Kyoto Prize is presented each year by Japan's non-profit Inamori Foundation to individuals and groups worldwide who have demonstrated outstanding contributions to the betterment of society, in "Advanced Technology," "Basic Sciences," and "Arts and Philosophy." The prize consists of academic honors, a gold medal, and a cash gift of 100 million yen (more than $800,000) per category, making it Japan's highest private award for global achievement.
The Inamori FoundationThe Inamori Foundation is a non-profit established in Kyoto, Japan, in 1984 by Dr. Kazuo Inamori, founder of Kyocera Corp. and honorary advisor to both KDDI Corp. and Japan Airlines. Inamori created the Kyoto Prize in reflection of his belief that people have no higher calling than to strive for the greater good of humankind and society, and that the future of humanity can be assured only when there is a balance between scientific progress and spiritual depth.
The Kyoto Symposium OrganizationThe Kyoto Symposium Organization is a San Diego-based 501(c)3 non-profit established to support the Kyoto Prize Symposium and Kyoto Scholarship programs with the Inamori Foundation and co-hosts University of California, San Diego and Point Loma Nazarene University. Since 2001, the Symposium has generated more than $4.3 million for scholarships, fellowships and other educational opportunities in the San Diego-Baja region.
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Latest Kyoto Prize Laureates to Share Stories of Life and Innovation, Free to Public, March 30-31 (PDT) - BioSpace
Google wants to win the quantum computing race by being the tortoise, not the hare – The Next Web
The most exciting name in quantum computing today is Google. Last years time crystals breakthrough was the culmination of decades of academic effort from the Search giant, and it proved Big G is a clear front-runner in the world of cutting-edge quantum physics research.
Despite having virtually no B2B presence in the quantum computing marketplace, the Mountain View company managed to leverage itself as one of the most important players in the field.
Googles position comes as a bit of a surprise when you consider the competition. D-Waves been making quantum computers for about as long as Google has been in business. And both Microsoft and IBM have focused quantum computing ecosystems generating revenue today to offset their massive research expenditures.
But Googles not as big a newcomer to the field as you might imagine. Its quantum ambitions go all the way back to at least 2005-2006, when its AI division began working on algorithms designed to run on D-Wave quantum computing chips.
Eventually, the partnership would pay off and, in 2009, D-Wave and Google demonstrated quantum speedup for an image classification algorithm.
Fast-forward to 2022 and Googles managed to build at least three gate-based quantum processors of its own, demonstrated a new phase of matter (time crystals),and supposedly achieved quantum supremacy. Not bad for a company most people wouldnt associate with the field of quantum physics.
In fact, if you take a look at the whole picture, its clear that Google or, to be more accurate, its parent company Alphabet has its sights set on being the worlds premiere quantum computing organization.
Weve seen this kind of focus before when the company pivoted from mobile-first to AI-firstin 2016. And, arguably, Googles managed to nab the top spot among US AI companies in the time since.
Googles taken the same tried-and-true approach to building out its quantum ambitions. And, based on recent developments, it appears as though the Mountain View companys long-term plans are starting to come into focus.
Googles working with institutions ranging from NASA to Stanford to develop the quantum computing systems of the future. Its work demonstrating quantum advantage in gate-based quantum systems and the aforementioned time crystals breakthrough has cemented it as a stalwart member of the quantum physics world.
But research at the edge is hard to monetize.Thatswhy Microsoftrecently partnered upwithPasqal to round out its cloud-based quantum access offerings while it continues to research its far out topographical qubit ideas.
And D-Wave spent decades developing useful quantum computers capable of solving problems right away before it finally began researching futuristic gate-based systems in earnest.
Even IBM, Googles closest running mate in the research field among big tech outfits, has prioritized cloud access for business clients over its own monumental research efforts.
Based on everything weve seen, Googles as capable of fielding a functioning quantum-as-a-service paradigm as any other player in the field. And it may even be ahead of the pack when it comes to the race towards quantum advantage a quantum computer capable of surpassing every supercomputer on the planet.
In fact Google Quantum AI, which was founded in partnership with NASAs quantum labs, believes itll have a gate-based quantum computer capable of quantum advantage within the next decade.
Of course the competition IBM, Microsoft, and D-Wave have all made similar claims. And that makes this one of the most potentially-lucrative races in technology history.
As weve argued, IBMs off to a head start and Microsoft looks poised to dominate this market in a matter of a few years. But Googles got a few aces up its sleeves that could shake everything up.
Parent company Alphabet recently starbursted its SandboxAQ division into its own company, now a Google sibling. Its unclear exactly what SandboxAQ intends to do now that its spun out, but its positioned as a quantum-and-AI-as-a-service company. We expect itll begin servicing business clients in partnership with Google in the very near-term.
And, in doing so, Google will shore up its short-term quantum endeavors in much the same way Microsoft has recently. The major difference here is that Alphabet controls both Google and SandboxAQ, whereas Microsoft can cut its Pasqal partnership if the tide changes.
Itll be interesting to see the likes of Alphabet and Microsoft spar over future government contracts for quantum services. Where Microsoft tends to outperform Google in the bidding arena, Big G already has close ties to NASA and is intrinsically involved in its quantum ambitions for the US space program.
At the end of the day, Googles betting it all on its research arms covering a lot of ground over the next ten years. If time crystals and the companys other gate-based quantum computing research veins dont pan out, it could end up lagging too far behind the competition to matter.
Neurals take: everything weve seen in the past five years tells us the exact opposite is likely to happen.
We can safely assume we havent seen the last of Googles quantum computing research breakthroughs, and that tells us we could very well be living in the moments right before the slow-and-steady tortoise starts to make up ground on the speedy hare.
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Google wants to win the quantum computing race by being the tortoise, not the hare - The Next Web
3 Quantum Computing Stocks to Buy Before They Go Mainstream – InvestorPlace
Quantum computing stocks are in the limelight, as the technology has tremendous potential to advance big data and artificial intelligence (AI). Analysts highlight that quantum computers could transform many industries, including finance, pharmaceuticals, energy, agriculture and telecom.
Recent metrics suggest the global quantum computing market could reach $9 billion in revenue by 2030, up from $260 million in 2020. Annual average growth is forecast to exceed 40% during the decade, with development gaining pace after 2025.
Regular InvestorPlace users may already know Microsoft (NASDAQ:MSFT) andAmazon(NASDAQ:AMZN) already provide quantum computing services with Azure Quantum and Braket, respectively. But other companies are also carving their niche in this market, and their stocks are compelling buys.
With that in mind, here are the three best quantum computing stocks to buy for lucrative returns through the decade.
First on our list is Alphabet, the internet media giant with Google as one if its most prominent segments. Googles primary interest in quantum computing comes from its leading role in internet search.
Alphabet issued fourth-quarter 2021 resultson Feb. 1. Revenue increased 32% year-over-year (YOY) to $75.3 billion. Net income came in at $20.6 billion, or $30.69 per diluted share, up from $15.2 billion in the prior-year quarter. Cash and equivalents ended the period at $20.9 billion.
Management also announced an upcoming 20-for-1 stock split. Investors are now looking forward to July 1, the split date. Many retail buyers believe these events offer attractive investment opportunities.
In 2019, Googles Sycamore quantum computing chipsexecuted a task in 200 seconds that the company claimed would have taken a supercomputer 10,000 years to perform. The tech giant aims to create a useful, error-corrected quantum computer by 2029.
Understandably, Google will likely invest billions in developing the technology over the next decade. Management has just spun off its quantum computing unit, Sandbox.
GOOGL stock is up 36% over the past year, but down 3.9% since the start of 2022. Shares are trading at 24.2 times forward earnings and 7.3 trailing sales. The 12-month median price forecast for GOOGL stock is $3,500. After July 1, the stock price and analysts forecasts will change to reflect the split.
52 week range: $174.42 $236.86
Dividend Yield: 2%
Prominent technology name Honeywell manufactures numerous high-tech products, ranging from aerospace equipment to medical devices and advanced materials. In late November, it merged its Honeywell Quantum Solutions with Cambridge Quantum Computing to create Quantinuum, the largest quantum computing company in the world.
Wall Street expects Quantinuum to go public by the end of 2022. Investors also seem excited about Quantinuums first product, which involves a platform-agnostic and device-independent cybersecurity solution.
Honeywell announcedQ4 2021 results on Feb. 3. Revenue declined 3% YOY to $8.7 billion. Net income came in at $1.43 billion, or $2.05 per diluted share, up from $1.36 a year ago. Cash and equivalents ended the period at nearly $11 billion.
HON stock is down almost 8% over the past year and 6.8% year-to-date. Shares are trading at 22.4 times forward earnings and 3.9 trailing sales. Meanwhile, the 12-month median price forecast for HON stock stands at $220.
52-week range: $5.91 $11.37
Rigetti Computing has become a pioneer of full-stack quantum computing. It has launched a multi-chip processor for scalable quantum computing systems.
Its Quantum Cloud Services (QCS) platform serves global enterprises, various agencies of the U.S. government and leading research centers. Several of them include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the U.S. Department of Energy and Palantir Technologies (NYSE:PLTR).
Management announced fiscal 2021 results on March 10. Revenue increased by 48% YOY to $8.2 million. Net loss widened to $38.2 million, or a $1.74 loss per share, compared with $26.1 million a year ago. Cash and equivalents ended the period at $11.7 million.
The tech name was founded in 2013 and went public on March 2. Rigetti completed a reverse-merger with Supernova Partners Acquisition Company II, a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC).
This deal valued the company at $1.5 billion. Rigetti has received $261.75 million from the deal to accelerate its development of multiple generations of quantum processors and expand its commercial operations.
However, since going public, RGTI stock has lost more than 20%. Meanwhile, the 12-month median price forecast for the stock stands at $19. Investors interested in a young company could consider researching Rigetti further.
On the date of publication, Tezcan Gecgil did not have (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the writer, subject to theInvestorPlace.comPublishing Guidelines.
Tezcan Gecgil has worked in investment management for over two decades in the U.S. and U.K. In addition to formal higher education in the field, she has also completed all 3 levels of the Chartered Market Technician (CMT) examination. Her passion is for options trading based on technical analysis of fundamentally strong companies. She especially enjoys setting up weekly covered calls for income generation.
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3 Quantum Computing Stocks to Buy Before They Go Mainstream - InvestorPlace
The New School at SXSW: The Art, Design, and Social Good of Quantum Computing – The New School News
March 24, 2022
Quantum Computing sounds like a program you would find at a university focused on technology, like MIT or Stanford, not a school known for its design, music, and social science programs. But understanding that this new technology is positioned to shape and change the world, The New School has embarked on an initiative to explore the applications of quantum computing in art, design, education, business, and social justice. Recently the individuals bringing quantum computing to The New School spoke at the 2022 South by Southwest Conference and Festivals (SXSW) to discuss how this emerging technology can be integrated into creative arts and applied to advance social good.
During the panel, Lin Zhou, senior vice president and chief information officer at The New School; Sven Travis, associate professor of media and design at Parsons School of Design; and Maya Georgieva, senior director of The New Schools Innovation Center, discussed the importance of having artists, designers, and social researchers participate in the early development of quantum computing.
Its extremely rare for creatives to get access to technology in the early days of development. One of the things were hoping for is that the evolution of quantum could happen in a different way than, for example, artificial intelligence and machine learning, said Travis. We can go back to any number of technologies over the last couple of decades where were getting access to it or engaging with it usually after the technology is fairly fully developed.
The computing were accustomed to, which drives laptops, desktops, websites, and smartphones, takes in information coded as the value of either 1 or 0. In contrast, quantum computing can take in information that exists in more than one state, such as a 1 and a 0 at the same time. The combination of The New Schools strength in liberal arts with this cutting-edge technology makes the new course different from those in traditional STEM university programs.
Although quantum computing is still an emerging field, the importance it will have prompted the university to be proactive in bringing this subject to students. Whenever there is a technology breakthrough, usually the leading uses are not in the liberal arts. If you think about artificial intelligence [AI], the leading uses for AI are in financial technology, cyber security, and facial and voice recognition. Liberal arts is usually an afterthought. When those problems are figured out, then they say, How about music? How about design? How about fashion? said Zhou. This has to stop, because the arts, music, and design impact peoples daily lives. Whenever we have a new technology, liberal arts ought to be one of the front-runners as new technology is adopted.
Many liberal arts and design colleges look at computer coding as the new literacy, but Zhou shared how creatives, social researchers and technologists should take a more holistic view toward technology. In the past, when we talked about literacy, we usually talked about reading and writing. But for this century, its not enough. When we talk about literacy, we actually mean that everybody should be able to create harmony with technology. Quantum, as the next emerging and breakthrough technology, has profound capability to solve problems that the classical computer cannot solve today. So, from the point of view of all the higher education institutions, we have the obligation to help society adopt the technology, said Zhou. We know if we dont do it right with privacy, with social justice, those issues, which seem to be very simple, will backfire on us.
Part of Georgievas mission is to engage the community with emerging technologies. The opportunity for us is to create events where people can come together, so that students can have a real conversation about their own ideas. Its important to us to give them that space, access to tools, and opportunities to play, said Georgieva.
Bringing an emerging technology, frontier technology, and code as a language, into a creative setting is really fascinating and opens up imaginative projects that may not necessarily take place in a lab. We want to see that impact. We want to be part of explaining what it would mean to live in a world where quantum computing and art is one expression, she adds.
Citing the universitys history of innovation and commitment to social change since its founding, Zhou believes The New School has an important role to play in the development of quantum computing. With The New School, for the past 100 years, we have produced world-class thinkers, designers, and social justice movers. We will continue to focus on leveraging quantum computing, this wonderful technology, on the social front, and leveraging the technology to improve the human condition, said Zhou.
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The New School at SXSW: The Art, Design, and Social Good of Quantum Computing - The New School News
Elderly care? Bring in the robots! – Modern Diplomacy
What is quantum computing? Why do we need quantum computing? According to Moores law (The complexity of a microcircuit, measured for example by the number of transistors per chip, doubles every 18 months and hence quadruples every 3 years), the density of transistors per area unit on a computing chip doubles every year and a half, which poses two main problems for traditional computers. Firstly, as to computation, high-density transistors will face the problem of power consumption and thermal effects. Secondly, the reduction in size will cause the failure of the classic theory of transistors and their performance will deviate from the original design.
Both of these problems will limit the further shrinkage of transistors, thus putting an end to Moores law. However, although the traditional computer develops until the end of Moores law, it is still unable to cope with many problems that need to be solved. Let us say we calculate the fundamental state energy of N coupled two-level systems, since the number of unknowns will be proportional to 2^N. The current simulation time required for IBMs supercomputer is 2.5 days for a specific computation on Googles 53-qubit quantum computer, which takes about 200 seconds. Qubit is the contraction of quantum bit, the term coined by Benjamin Schumacher to denote the quantum bit, i.e. the basic unit of quantum information.
As the number of qubits continues to increase, conventional computers will soon reach a bottleneck. However, almost all conventional computations involving quantum mechanics face the same problems. Hence many researchers started thinking about how to use the quantum properties themselves as computational resources as early as 1970, which was then summarised by Richard Feynman in 1982.
Hence what advantages do qubits have over traditional computing? The most surprising is none other than the properties of quantum superposition and quantum entanglement. Quantum superposition is a non-classical state that contrasts with empirical intuition and the metaphor is Schrdingers Cat that is both alive and dead.
The superposition state, however, is a real state for qubits on microscopic or mesoscopic scales (spatial scales, viewpoints and the like that are intermediate between macroscopic and microscopic scales). Qubits can be found in the superposition of two characteristic quantum states, and this superposition state is a non-classical state in which being and non-being coexist in the quantum world. In this state, the qubit is neither 0 nor 1, but it is not in a state in which both sides (0 and 1) are uncertain, but rather with equal probability, like a coin before it lands on the palm of the hand.
While in visible nature it is possible to observe a phenomenon without perceptibly influencing it by observation alone (i.e. only by looking at the said phenomenon) in atomic physics and quantum mechanics, a finite and up to a certain point invisible perturbation is connected to every observation. The uncertainty principle is the recognition of absolute chance and arbitrariness in natural phenomena. On the other hand, as will become clear later, quantum mechanics does not predict a single, well-defined result for the observation or for any observer.
The fact that qubits can undergo quantum evolution in a set of superposition states which is neither 0 nor 1 implies quantum parallelism in the relevant computation. The evolution of each qubit, however, is not sufficient to construct all possible evolutions of a multi-qubit system. We must therefore
also interact with different qubits so that they can be intertwined in order to construct a satisfactory algorithm for such a computation. This special superposition is precisely called entangled quantum state.
Let us take two qubits as an example, which is a typical entangled state. Between them, the state representing the first qubit is connected to the state of the second qubit. The two connections are in quantum superposition and we cannot therefore talk about the state in which the two qubits are at that moment hence we talk about entanglement.
There is a more practical view of entanglement in quantum computing, i.e. entangled states usually arise from the control of one qubit (control qubit) over another (target qubit). The relationship between the control qubit and the target qubit is similar to the aforementioned Schrdingers Cat. According to this view, if the controlling part is in a state of superposition, the controlled part will be in a superposition of different controlled situations.
This entanglement process is an important element in quantum computing. We can say that superposition and entanglement synergistically weave the varied parallel evolution of quantum computing. Each measurement can only compute one of the possible states, and the superposition state no longer exists after the first measurement. Hence, with a view to obtaining the statistical information we need in the superposition state, we have to compute and measure results again.
Therefore, in many quantum algorithms (such as the Shors algorithm for factoring [which solves the problem of factor decomposition of integer numbers into primes] and digital quantum simulation), we need to use some interference mechanisms after the computation, so that the information of that phase containing the response in the superposition state is converted into conservation (with the implicit idea of preventing a final spill or loss) due to constructive interference (i.e. by the immediately following variation of other data produced), while further data is eliminated by destructive interference. In this way, the response can be obtained with fewer measurements. Most quantum algorithms rely heavily on the phenomenon of fluctuation and interference hence the relative phase is very important for quantum computing, which is called quantum coherence. In the hardware design of quantum computers, many considerations are related to how to protect the quantum state to prolong the coherence lifetime.
Quantum computers have a variety of hardware implementations, but the design considerations are similar. There are three common considerations: qubit operability, measurability, and protection of quantum states. In response to these considerations, a cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) system has been developed. A superconducting quantum system can be taken as an example to introduce the implementation of quantum computers. The difference in frequency between the resonant cavity and the qubit means that the coupling between the resonant cavity and the qubit tends not to exchange energy quanta, but only to generate entanglement, which means that the frequency of the resonant cavity will shift with the state of the qubit. Hence the state of the qubit can be deduced by measuring the microwave penetration or reflection spectrum near the resonant frequency with the bit readout line.
The entanglement mechanism between adjacent qubits is provided by the coupling relative to the electrical capacitance between cross-type capacitors. The coupling effect is controlled by the frequency difference between adjacent qubits. The oscillating behaviour reflects the quantum interference effect and its gradual disappearance leads to the decay of coherence and quantum energy.
The coherent lifetime of qubits is influenced by two factors, an intrinsic and an extrinsic one. The extrinsic influence comes mainly from the coupling between the qubit and the quantum state readout circuit. The presence of a filter-like protection mechanism in the microwave cavity between the bit and the readout line can provide a qubit-like protection mechanism because the cavity and the qubit have a frequency difference of about 718 MHz. The intrinsic influence comes mainly from the loss of the qubit itself and the sensitivity of its frequency to various types of noise, which can usually be suppressed by improved materials and processes and optimisation of the geometric structure.
Quantum computing has a wide range of applications, currently involved in the fields of decryption and cryptography, quantum chemistry, quantum physics, optimisation problems and artificial intelligence. This covers almost all aspects of human society and will have a significant impact on human life after practice. However, the best quantum computers are not yet able to express the advantages of quantum computing. Although the number of qubits on a quantum computer has exceeded 50, the circuit depth required to run the algorithm is far from sufficient. The main reason is that the error rate of qubits in the computation process is still very high, even though we can use quantum correction of qubits and fault-tolerant quantum computation. In the case of quantum computing, the accuracy which gradually improves data will greatly increase the difficulty of producing the hardware and the complexity of the algorithm. At present, the implementation of some well-known algorithms has only reached the level of conceptual demonstration, which is sufficient to demonstrate the feasibility of quantum computing, but practical application still has a long way to go.
But we should remain optimistic because, although general quantum computation still needs to be improved by quantum computer hardware, we can still find new algorithms and applications. Moreover, the development of hardware can also make great strides, just like the development of traditional computers in the beginning. In line with this goal, many existing technological industries could be upgraded in the near future. Research is running fast thanks also to significant public and private investment, and the first commercial applications will be seen in the short term.
Considering defence and intelligence issues, many governments are funding research in this area. The Peoples Republic of China and the United States of America have launched multi-year plans worth billions of yuan and dollars. The European Union has also established the Quantum Flagship Programme for an investment of one billion euros.
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Elderly care? Bring in the robots! - Modern Diplomacy
Quantum Computing and Its Growing Presence at Duke – Get to Know Crystal Noel – Government Relations – Duke Today
Quantum computing enables researchers to solve problems that were previously impossible to solve, and its use is on the rise. In 2022, Crystal Noel joined Duke University as an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics. Noel brought her expertise as well as the Error-corrected Universal Reconfigurable Ion-trap Quantum Archetype (EURIQA), an advanced quantum computer system funded by the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency (IARPA), along with her to the Duke Quantum Center.
The EURIQA system is currently the only one of its kind. It is the most powerful academic quantum computer available. This system could not have been built on this scale without the sustained commitment from IARPA. Crystal Noel
Collectively, members of the Duke Quantum Center have brought in over $170 million in funding and performed over $100 million in government contracts since 2007. Noel specializes in quantum error correction, adding to the Duke Quantum Centers rapidly growing knowledge base.
Drawing on her research, Noel answered several questions regarding her experiences in quantum computing, the value of federal funding, and provided advice for students interested in studying quantum computing:
My initial inspiration to study quantum computing came from my background in both computer science and physics. I enjoy the applications and utility of computer science, but physics captured my imagination. Quantum computing combines the two topics into a field of its own.
A common misunderstanding about quantum computing is that the power comes from creating superpositions of states, thereby allowing parallel processing of a problem on all possible inputs at once. While this property is important, it is not enough. When a quantum system is measured, it collapses onto a single state, making it impossible to get all the answers from all the inputs in one measurement. The real promise of the power of quantum computing comes from quantum interference and entanglement, which are quantum properties that are much harder to grasp. Even Einstein called entanglement spooky action at a distance.
The EURIQA system is currently the only one of its kind. It is the most powerful academic quantum computer available. This system could not have been built on this scale without the sustained commitment from IARPA, as well as the ambitious goals of the IARPA LogiQ program to push towards an extremely capable device.
One thing that I have really enjoyed about working on the EURIQA system is collaborating closely with theorists to bring their ideas to reality. I am looking forward to the development of the Duke Quantum Center into a user facility with multiple systems running a diverse array of applications. I hope that we have theorists visiting from all over the world to work with us to study problems in physics, chemistry, or even biology.
There are many ways to contribute to the quantum community science writing, software development, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, quantum physics, algorithms, and more. With the industry and research growing so fast, there is a need for all types of folks to jump in and keep quantum moving. Try to read about the current research and find what problems you find exciting to tackle. Its an exciting time for quantum, so come and join us!
By Deven Stewart, 2/16/22
TechopiaLive: Quantropi: Working to counteract the quantum threat – Ottawa Business Journal
Once in a generation, there's a technology change that changes society. One looming technology is called quantum computing. It's something that's so massively powerful that it will completely change today's traditional computing. In this episode of Techopia Live, OBJ talks to an Ottawa founder who is looking to counteract the downside of quantum. This is a regular podcast from OBJ that features next-generation executives from the local technology industry in the National Capital Region and shines a spotlight on the up-and-comers. Techopia also keeps viewers updated on established players in the tech sector, all with a goal of creating and bonding the tech sector, keeping them informed and connected. On this episode, OBJ publisher Michael Curran explores a concept that can be hard to grasp and that makes him think of Star Trek quantum computing. But, there are key players in Ottawas tech industry working on quantum computing. And, more specifically, they're working on how to counter something called the quantum threat. This is an edited transcript of the conversation with co-founder and CEO of Quantropi, James Nguyen.
OBJ: I think we need to delve into this problem, you know, you explain it as the quantum threat. And just as we experienced kind of a Y2K, you are suggesting there could be a Y2Q and Q stands for quantum. What is this quantum threat?
JN: The consensus is it's going to happen in as near as two years. The whole digital economy operates on the internet. The internet relies on two pillars, trust and truth, to be able to continue because without trust you have no business. We're here to protect that as a company. Classical computers operate in binary numbers, but quantum computers work with qubits based on quantum mechanics and they're able to do certain calculations faster and better than classical computers. I like to use the example of looking for Waldo. He walks into a hotel with 10,000 rooms and a classical computer would have to check each room at a time. That takes a long time. A quantum computer would check all rooms simultaneously and find Waldo right away. That just gives you an example. So we're looking for cures to cancer and diseases. At the molecular level, it gets very, very complex, so complex that classical computers haven't been able to find these cures. We believe quantum computers will. But that same power that's going to cure cancer is also going to break today's encryption, break that trust and manipulate the truth. So it was founded to preserve trust and truth not only today, but forever. It protects you forever because it's derived from quantum mechanics.
OBJ: So I like that last part because I think you're helping us wrap our heads around this concept. So, its that they're so powerful, they're just going to break traditional computer security, cyber security, digital security. And you've developed a solution to this. Tell us a little bit before we get into the solution though, about your company. When was it founded? How many people are working for you? Tell us about Quantropi.
JN: Well, I won't take any of the credit around the invention. It was invented by my co-founder, Dr. Randy Kuang, who's a quantum physicist who was working for a couple of decades at Nortel Networks of both Northern Research in the Advanced Technologies Division. He's also a cybersecurity expert and holds one of the first patents to two-factor authentication. He actually has been in the auto tech scene before with a company that he co-founded, InBay Technologies. Dr. Randy Kuang is a very unique individual, a genius that I've never seen before. So when he entrusted me with his invention to help him bring it to market and scale it, I went all in with this opportunity. Since then, we've added over 50 investors to the table and we've also done a reverse brain drain. We brought in a chief technology officer from Napa, California, and he was gracious enough to come here in the middle of winter. He was the co-founder and managing director of Accenture Ventures. We've also brought in Randy's previous boss, Marco Pagani, who was the previous president of Nortel Networks' optical networks. Marco has been a mentor to me, helping us really build a global company based on his experience. And, of course, we brought many other individuals to the table in all types of roles. We are at a headcount of close to 25 now, we're growing fast, we've successfully raised over $7 million in seed financing now and over $1.4 million in other funding. And we're about to raise another very big round that will close this year.
OBJ: I'd love for our viewers and listeners to get to know you a little bit better. So you and I know each other from the Forty Under 40, you were a recipient in 2021, but give us the bio facts on James.
JN: Well, my life is not that exciting. I'll use this opportunity to recognize a few people that have had a big impact on my life, such as Marco Pagani. I like to say that, in Ottawa, entrepreneurs breed entrepreneurs. I wouldn't have this opportunity if it wasn't for another mentor of mine, but also an investor, Jeffrey York. He's been a great sounding board for me and he's been supporting me. I jumped with him into a kind of new material science and some mining and graphene and since then I really became an entrepreneur. I always thought of myself as a corporate person, but he really opened that gate for me.
OBJ: You caught the entrepreneurial bug James, and now you're ruined for life. So James, we talked about quantum threat, we talked about Quantropi, let's dig into the weeds here and get to know how the heck are you going to protect people against this quantum threat? What's the solution?
JN: Our solution, you know, is, of course, a new approach, a new solution. There are two solutions right now in the market: we have a kind of quantum key distribution that focuses on their photonic QKT, and we also have post-quantum cryptography, which focuses on stronger encryption or basically external math problems. But each one of those have limitations, either cost, a lot of sight distance limitations, or too high latency, whatever it may be. That's what really pushed my co-founder, Dr. Randy Kuang. He actually came from QKT at Nortel to come up with a better solution and he has. We also continue to innovate and came up with a platform that we call Keyspace. Keyspace takes all the advantages of those two other approaches, minus all the disadvantages plus more. We created a B2B SaaS platform where the software and keyspace operates kind of like a Microsoft Office 365; we have three of our flagship products under there, kind of like a Microsoft Word, PowerPoint and Excel, but we call them secure keep in masse, like security communication channel with certain security key struggle to keep from entropy. It will keep your data secure forever with laws using our key symmetric encryption and you have asymmetric encryption mass, we're seeing your master identity towards criminals. So this platform has enabled a whole new ecosystem of quantum secure applications using quantum algorithms that were not possible for the other two approaches. We have on board a few customers, already early adopters, and we're looking to add more of those this year and then really scale out these customers over the next few years.
OBJ: What makes you so confident that Quantropi has the solution to this? You know, there must be other competitors out there and other solutions? What makes yours likely the right product?
JN: Our product is very elegant. When you're going to be asking organizations to shift to new security fundamentals, they really have to look at these three criteria to really provide a whole solution. Because you need to get the trust with who you're doing business with, you need to be able to leverage lots of uncertainty, encrypted data forever. No other company out there that I know of, or that we know of, is offering all of those things. We're not saying that there never will be anything better. But we're always very ready to make sure that if there is, that's okay. So our platform was made as an easy management tool for organizations to quickly upgrade, but also we will work with the other top algorithms for symmetric or asymmetric encryption, or other entropy sources. The purpose of creating this platform was to protect the world as soon as possible and protect our digital economy so that we can continue to evolve and continue to do business and preserve the mobile operations so that we don't have to be living in fear. I think the whole world has been living in fear for the past few years for other reasons that we want to prevent another epidemic, which we think will be a cyber one.
OBJ: Wow, that gives us a lot to think about and certainly sounds like a promising company. As we wrap up here, James, we're early into 2022. I think you've got some big things coming this year. Give us a sense of what's ahead in 2022 for Quantropi?
JN: First things first, we have got to go out there to close financing that we've been working on. We're actually engaged with institutional investors hoping to close that sometime soon. And basically outside of that, of course, we're going to be hiring, creating jobs, making Ottawa the best tech scene ever. And, of course, weve got to start targeting kind of different markets, geography markets, as well as sectors.
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TechopiaLive: Quantropi: Working to counteract the quantum threat - Ottawa Business Journal
Giants on the atomic landscape – Open Access Government
Interest in such atoms is exploding, fuelled by their unique properties and many potential applications in critical technologies.
Giant atoms in which one electron is placed in a highly-excited state are termed Rydberg atoms, after the Swedish spectroscopist J. R. Rydberg who first characterized their properties. Such exotic atoms possess properties quite unlike those normally expected of atoms. They are physically very large and because of this are particularly sensitive to their environment, interacting very strongly with external electric and magnetic fields, and with other Rydberg atoms.
Their strong perturbation by external fields is leading to their exploitation as extremely sensitive electric field sensors over much of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from radio frequencies into the infrared, with applications in communications and radar. Their strong interactions are being harnessed to create quantum gates, or qbits, with potential for use in future quantum computers. Ordered arrays of Rydberg atoms have been generated to mimic the behaviour of solid materials and explore the novel collective phenomena that emerge from atom-atom interactions within these materials, such as superconductivity and magnetism, behaviour that cannot be simulated even on a modern computer.
Rydberg atom arrays can be engineered with novel geometries and controlled defects and provide a powerful new window into the design and fabrication of novel designer materials.
Once only considered a scientific curiosity, current research shows that, despite their large physical size, Rydberg atoms can provide critical new insights into the microscopic quantum world. They can be used in many important areas of technology including sensing, quantum simulation, and quantum computing, as well as in the design of new materials with enhanced electronic, magnetic, optical, and thermal properties.
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Giants on the atomic landscape - Open Access Government
Cleveland high school student walks 3 miles to school daily to fulfill dream of being a scientist – News 5 Cleveland
CLEVELAND Mussa Wisova is a shining example of what can happen when potential, opportunity and drive intersect at school.
The 16-year-old junior at John Marshall School of Information Technology (JMIT) is going the distance for education. He walks three miles to and from school every day. Every step is getting him closer to his dream.
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"I want to be a scientist more than anything," smiled Wisova.
His parents have gone the distance for the American dream; the family immigrated to Cleveland from Tanzania in 2016.
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"For me, like English, I didn't even know the alphabet," he said.
He and his siblings studied children's books from a neighbor to learn English.
Now, Wisova is studying physics and quantum science, and hoping to go to MIT.
"It is the only university I want to go to, and it's really hard," he said. "So, I'm really pushing forward to get to there."
Wisova said it wasn't until he came to Cleveland and was exposed to teachers and opportunities that he fully realized his talent and passion for science, technology, engineering and math.
"I think the role of teacher is to see the talent and bring it out and expose them to the resources that are available in the district," said Daisy Pedavada, a teacher at JMIT.
At JMIT, Wisova has had the opportunity to take AP courses, participate in healthcare sector partnerships, and receive web development training just to name a few.
He also started his own SAT prep club and recruited other kids to join.
"He's so dedicated," said Pedavada.
"I just love learning," said Wisova.
It was an educator who first told News 5 about Wisova; impressed by his talent and tenacity. They also wanted to show the opportunities for kids to excel in Cleveland and how much they mean to the students and teachers working with them.
Wisova says he wants to stay in Cleveland for his professional career if the right opportunity presents itself.
He embodies the potential of so many young minds and the importance of going the distance to help each discover and reach their dreams.
"We all have dreams but it's about how hard you work for it," said Wisova.
Speaking of opportunity, Wisova is trying to establish a summer research program with IBM's first private-sector, on-site quantum computer at the Cleveland Clinic.
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'Help Wanted: Ohio' dives into the issues surrounding employment in Northeast Ohio.
We investigate the broken unemployment system, our broken skills development and education systems, the impacts worker shortages are having on our local economy, as well as the hardest-hit industries. We hold leaders and legislators accountable and look for those working towards solutions.
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Cleveland high school student walks 3 miles to school daily to fulfill dream of being a scientist - News 5 Cleveland