Category Archives: Quantum Computer
Explainer: What is a quantum computer? | MIT Technology Review
This is the first in a series of explainers on quantum technology. The other two are on quantum communication and post-quantum cryptography.
A quantum computer harnesses some of the almost-mystical phenomena of quantum mechanics to deliver huge leaps forward in processing power. Quantum machines promise to outstrip even the most capable of todaysand tomorrowssupercomputers.
They wont wipe out conventional computers, though. Using a classical machine will still be the easiest and most economical solution for tackling most problems. But quantum computers promise to power exciting advances in various fields, from materials science to pharmaceuticals research. Companies are already experimenting with them to develop things like lighter and more powerful batteries for electric cars, and to help create novel drugs.
The secret to a quantum computers power lies in its ability to generate and manipulate quantum bits, or qubits.
Today's computers use bitsa stream of electrical or optical pulses representing1s or0s. Everything from your tweets and e-mails to your iTunes songs and YouTube videos are essentially long strings of these binary digits.
Quantum computers, on the other hand, usequbits, whichare typically subatomic particles such as electrons or photons. Generating and managing qubits is a scientific and engineering challenge. Some companies, such as IBM, Google, and Rigetti Computing, use superconducting circuits cooled to temperatures colder than deep space. Others, like IonQ, trap individual atoms in electromagnetic fields on a silicon chip in ultra-high-vacuum chambers. In both cases, the goal is to isolate the qubits in a controlled quantum state.
Qubits have some quirky quantum properties that mean a connected group of them can provide way more processing power than the same number of binary bits. One of those properties is known as superposition and another is called entanglement.
Qubits can represent numerous possible combinations of 1and 0 at the same time. This ability to simultaneously be in multiple states is called superposition. To put qubits into superposition, researchers manipulate them using precision lasers or microwave beams.
Thanks to this counterintuitive phenomenon, a quantum computer with several qubits in superposition can crunch through a vast number of potential outcomes simultaneously. The final result of a calculation emerges only once the qubits are measured, which immediately causes their quantum state to collapse to either 1or 0.
Researchers can generate pairs of qubits that are entangled, which means the two members of a pair exist in a single quantum state. Changing the state of one of the qubits will instantaneously change the state of the other one in a predictable way. This happens even if they are separated by very long distances.
Nobody really knows quite how or why entanglement works. It even baffled Einstein, who famously described it as spooky action at a distance. But its key to the power of quantum computers. In a conventional computer, doubling the number of bits doubles its processing power. But thanks to entanglement, adding extra qubits to a quantum machine produces an exponential increase in its number-crunching ability.
Quantum computers harness entangled qubits in a kind of quantum daisy chain to work their magic. The machines ability to speed up calculations using specially designed quantum algorithms is why theres so much buzz about their potential.
Thats the good news. The bad news is that quantum machines are way more error-prone than classical computers because of decoherence.
The interaction of qubits with their environment in ways that cause their quantum behavior to decay and ultimately disappear is called decoherence. Their quantum state is extremely fragile. The slightest vibration or change in temperaturedisturbances known as noise in quantum-speakcan cause them to tumble out of superposition before their job has been properly done. Thats why researchers do their best to protect qubits from the outside world in those supercooled fridges and vacuum chambers.
But despite their efforts, noise still causes lots of errors to creep into calculations. Smart quantum algorithmscan compensate for some of these, and adding more qubits also helps. However, it will likely take thousands of standard qubits to create a single, highly reliable one, known as a logical qubit. This will sap a lot of a quantum computers computational capacity.
And theres the rub: so far, researchers havent been able to generate more than 128 standard qubits (see our qubit counter here). So were still many years away from getting quantum computers that will be broadly useful.
That hasnt dented pioneers hopes of being the first to demonstrate quantum supremacy.
Its the point at which a quantum computer can complete a mathematical calculation that is demonstrably beyond the reach of even the most powerful supercomputer.
Its still unclear exactly how many qubits will be needed to achieve this because researchers keep finding new algorithms to boost the performance of classical machines, and supercomputing hardware keeps getting better. But researchers and companies are working hard to claim the title, running testsagainst some of the worlds most powerful supercomputers.
Theres plenty of debate in the research world about just how significant achieving this milestone will be. Rather than wait for supremacy to be declared, companies are already starting to experiment with quantum computers made by companies like IBM, Rigetti, and D-Wave, a Canadian firm. Chinese firms like Alibaba are also offering access to quantum machines. Some businesses are buying quantum computers, while others are using ones made available through cloud computing services.
One of the most promising applications of quantum computers is for simulating the behavior of matterdown to the molecular level. Auto manufacturers like Volkswagen and Daimler are using quantum computers to simulate the chemical composition of electrical-vehicle batteries to help find new ways to improve their performance. And pharmaceutical companies are leveraging them to analyze and compare compounds that could lead to the creation of new drugs.
The machines are also great for optimization problems because they can crunch through vast numbers of potential solutions extremely fast. Airbus, for instance, is using them to help calculate the most fuel-efficient ascent and descent paths for aircraft. And Volkswagen has unveiled a service that calculates the optimal routes for buses and taxis in cities in order to minimize congestion. Some researchers also think the machines could be used to accelerate artificial intelligence.
It could take quite a few years for quantum computers to achieve their full potential. Universities and businesses working on them are facing a shortage of skilled researchersin the fieldand a lack of suppliersof some key components. But if these exotic new computing machines live up to their promise, they could transform entire industries and turbocharge global innovation.
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Explainer: What is a quantum computer? | MIT Technology Review
Cambridge Quantum Computing’s entanglements are at the heart of a new technological era – Cambridge Independent
Cambridge Quantum Computing is developing a leadership position in four quantum domains quantum cybersecurity, quantum chemistry, quantum machine learning and quantum finance.
Founded in 2014, the company was initiated by Ilyas Khan, the founding chairman of The Stephen Hawking Foundation and a fellow at St Edmunds college.
I was one of three founders and the sole original founding investor of the Accelerate Cambridge programme, which is run from Cambridge Judge Business School, Ilyas says of the exegesis of one of the worlds key quantum technology companies from its butterfly cocoon. Cambridge Quantum Computing emerged from the idea that Cambridge could produce a successful deep science company and, when this company was founded in 2014, there were three motivating factors.
Firstly, the experience at Accelerate Cambridge was very exciting and secondly, the emergence of quantum computing hardware, which had until then been an aspiration.
Thirdly, Google and IBM were by then involved, and so it shifted from a subject within academia to business in the private sector.
Indeed, the UK National Quantum Technologies programme had started in 2013, with quantum engineers and technologists meeting the entrepreneurial sector for the first time. The goal a mere aspiration back then was to develop products and services which made use of quantum superposition and quantum entanglement. The results are now starting to bear fruit.
Cambridge Quantum Computing is a result of the success of the National Quantum Technologies programme, Ilyas notes. An analogy would be to say that it would not be dissimilar to someone setting up a business to focus on the internet in 1996 or 97. Early in 2014 the themes were coming together. At that time I thought the business might be viable by 2024, and obviously since then its been far faster.
Indeed, just this yearCambridge Quantum Computing (CQC) announced a collaboration with Roche to design and implement noisy-intermediate-scale-quantum (NISQ) algorithms for early-stage drug discovery and development. The partnership will employ CQCs leading quantum chemistry platform, EUMEN, to augment Roches Alzheimers disease research efforts.
And last week Crown Bioscience, JSR Life Sciences and CQC announced a partnership agreement, with the initial approach being to focus on identifying cancer treatment biomarkers and driving the next generation of bioinformatics.
The upsurge coincides with a move from the Cambridge Union Society building on Bridge Street to Station Road, says Ilyas.
We outgrew the space at the Cambridge Union and decided to look around last summer well have between 50 and 60 people there.
There are other sites, in London, Chessington, San Francisco and Washington DC in the US, and Tokyo.
The company as a whole has more than 130 people now, Ilyas says. Were very science-heavy, with more than 100 scientists more than 60 with PhDs with a very strong business development team, a very strong legal and finance team.
The quantum sector divides into three areas: quantum technologies, which is quantum clocks and metrology, and were not in that. Second is quantum computers the hardware and were not there either. Third is applications, algorithms and software; were very active in that area.
So what are the possible applications? CQC develops specific products and platforms for quantum chemistry (EUMEN); and t|ket>, an architecture-agnostic quantum software stack and best in class compiler which translates machine-independent algorithms into executable circuits, optimising for physical qubit layout.
And with its IronBridge quantum encryption technology, CQC has developed methods to provide current and post-quantum cybersecurity by solving the most fundamental vulnerabilities in cryptographic protocols and procedures.
One thing that is rarely mentioned in the same breath as quantum is autonomous driving why is that?
There is no informed consensus on whether machine learning will be capable of having a day-to-day impact on autonomous driving any time soon, Ilyas replies.
My view is that some way in the future, however theoretical, machine learning is a very exciting area for the development of quantum computing.
Machine learning is here and, at Cambridge Quantum Computing, is an area of AI weve been most interested in, and without question are a global leader in meaning-aware language processing so the ability of a computer or device is not just word or speech recognition as in Alexa, for example but full-sentence, paragraphs and full conversations.
There are technical reasons why a quantum computer will ultimately be able to do something a classical computer will not, for example, quantum chemistry is one area where a quantum computer can do something a classical computer will not. The other area is meaning-aware language processing, and Id say this is an extremely powerful and global area for quantum computing.
So thats drug discovery, linguistic processing and cybersecurity from a defensive standpoint.
Its difficult to predict when it could be one or two years, or seven to 10. In other areas the jury is out.
And any sign of an operating system on the way?
Were many years away from an operating system for quantum computers, Ilyas answers. There will be operating systems, but at the moment anybody trying to say theyre working on an operating system is like me saying Im practising living on Mars because one day I want to be there.
All this is of a fit with an overarching goal the introduction of quantum computing to as many areas of business and science as possible.
As weve entered 2021, continues Ilyas, an increasing number of large global corporations from pharma to banks to logistical to petrochemical are already users of high-performance computers and in 2021 a larger number of corporations are starting to budget for quantum computing for one of two different reasons.
Either they believe a quantum computer has a credible chance of delivering a result, or they want to experiment for themselves what a quantum computer can do.
People are on a journey, starting to learn, but some organisations are already on that journey, as Microsoft has been for 20 years, IBM has been for decades, and Google has for ten years. CQC is a member of partnership organisations for all three.
It looks like a win-win-win situation for Cambridge Quantum Computing.
What is Quantum Computing | Microsoft Azure
It's the use of quantum mechanics to run calculations on specialized hardware.
To fully define quantum computing, we need to define some key terms first.
The quantum in "quantum computing" refers to the quantum mechanics that the system uses to calculate outputs. In physics, a quantum is the smallest possible discrete unit of any physical property. It usually refers to properties of atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, neutrinos, and photons.
A qubit is the basic unit of information in quantum computing. Qubits play a similar role in quantum computing as bits play in classical computing, but they behave very differently. Classical bits are binary and can hold only a position of 0 or 1, but qubits can hold a superposition of all possible states.
Quantum computers harness the unique behavior of quantum physicssuch as superposition, entanglement, and quantum interferenceand apply it to computing. This introduces new concepts to traditional programming methods.
In superposition, quantum particles are a combination of all possible states. They fluctuate until they're observed and measured. One way to picture the difference between binary position and superposition is to imagine a coin. Classical bits are measured by "flipping the coin" and getting heads or tails. However, if you were able to look at a coin and see both heads and tails at the same time, as well as every state in between, the coin would be in superposition.
Entanglement is the ability of quantum particles to correlate their measurement results with each other. When qubits are entangled, they form a single system and influence each other. We can use the measurements from one qubit to draw conclusions about the others. By adding and entangling more qubits in a system, quantum computers can calculate exponentially more information and solve more complicated problems.
Quantum interference is the intrinsic behavior of a qubit, due to superposition, to influence the probability of it collapsing one way or another. Quantum computers are designed and built to reduce interference as much as possible and ensure the most accurate results. To this end, Microsoft uses topological qubits, which are stabilized by manipulating their structure and surrounding them with chemical compounds that protect them from outside interference.
A quantum computer has three primary parts:
For some methods of qubit storage, the unit that houses the qubits is kept at a temperature just above absolute zero to maximize their coherence and reduce interference. Other types of qubit housing use a vacuum chamber to help minimize vibrations and stabilize the qubits.
Signals can be sent to the qubits using a variety of methods, including microwaves, laser, and voltage.
Quantum computer uses and application areas
A quantum computer can't do everything faster than a classical computer, but there are a few areas where quantum computers have the potential to make a big impact.
Quantum computers work exceptionally well for modeling other quantum systems because they use quantum phenomena in their computation. This means that they can handle the complexity and ambiguity of systems that would overload classical computers. Examples of quantum systems that we can model include photosynthesis, superconductivity, and complex molecular formations.
Classical cryptographysuch as the RivestShamirAdleman (RSA) algorithm thats widely used to secure data transmissionrelies on the intractability of problems such as integer factorization or discrete logarithms. Many of these problems can be solved more efficiently using quantum computers.
Optimization is the process of finding the best solution to a problem given its desired outcome and constraints. In science and industry, critical decisions are made based on factors such as cost, quality, and production timeall of which can be optimized. By running quantum-inspired optimization algorithms on classical computers, we can find solutions that were previously impossible. This helps us find better ways to manage complex systems such as traffic flows, airplane gate assignments, package deliveries, and energy storage.
Machine learning on classical computers is revolutionizing the world of science and business. However, training machine learning models comes with a high computational cost, and that has hindered the scope and development of the field. To speed up progress in this area, we're exploring ways to devise and implement quantum software that enables faster machine learning.
A quantum algorithm developed in 1996 dramatically sped up the solution to unstructured data searches, running the search in fewer steps than any classical algorithm could.
Azure Quantum resources
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What is Quantum Computing | Microsoft Azure
UK Research and Innovation Initiative to Invest 153M in Quantum Tech which will Significantly Impact Financial Services – Crowdfund Insider
Quantum tech is expected to have a major impact on the financial services sector.
This is notably part of a larger investment in the United Kingdoms National Quantum Technologies Program which is set to provide 1 billion worth of investments over a 10-year period.
Large banking institutions, insurance service providers and regulatory agencies are currently assessing the different opportunities and advising their clients on quantum computers for quantitative finance, asset pricing and effective portfolio management.
Precise quantum clocks for accurately timestamping digital transactions to advanced high frequency trading and various quantum security solutions to protect financial data are also being developed.
The Commercializing Quantum Technologies Challenge, via UKRIs Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund (ISCF), has awarded 90 million across 42 initiatives in order to realize the potential of the latest quantum technologies.
A project led by Rigetti UK in partnership with Standard Chartered Bank, Oxford Instruments, Phasecraft and the University of Edinburgh has received 6.4 million in funding to support the commercialization of quantum computing in the United Kingdom. The 3-year initiative will focus on creating a sophisticated commercial quantum computer which will be accessible via the Cloud and will develop practical applications in machine learning, materials simulation and finance.
Roger McKinlay, Challenge Director, stated:
Quantum technologies are expected to have a huge impact on the financial services industry. Banks, insurance providers and regulators are already thinking ahead to the implications this technology will have on businesses, the economy and society. We are looking to fund the best teams of UK companies and research organizations to help them develop their ideas for innovation and commercialization.
The challenge will be launched via a 3-phased approach, allocating a share of 7 million in funding for conducting feasibility studies, 1 million for germinator initiatives and 47 million for large projects requiring extensive collaboration.
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UK Research and Innovation Initiative to Invest 153M in Quantum Tech which will Significantly Impact Financial Services - Crowdfund Insider
Quantum Computing & Technologies Market Expected to Grow at CAGR 32.5 % and Forecast to 2027 KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper – KSU | The Sentinel…
Quantum Computing & Technologies Market is Expected to Grow with a CAGR of 32.5 % over the Forecast Period.
Increased demand for handling & analyzing the data for making business decisions more effective and rising incidences of cybercrime are some of the major factors driving the growth of the Global Quantum Computing & Technologies Market.
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Quantum computing is a section of computing area which focuses on development of computer technology based on the concept of quantum mechanics. The quantum computing is used to know the behavior of energy and material on the atomic and subatomic levels. Quantum computing stores the data in the form of quantum bits or qubits. According to Institute of Quantum Computing at the University of Waterloo, the quantum computing field started in 1980. After discovering the quantum computer the problem which was unable to solve by classical computer can easily solve the problem with minimum time by using quantum computer. The quantum computer is used in the field of drug design, defense, artificial intelligence, in nuclear fusion, big data search, and military affairs and in many more fields. The Google announces that the quantum computer have achieved quantum supremacy on 23 October 2020 which means quantum computer can solve any problem quickly as compared to classical computer. The quantum computer is much faster than super computer. in 1998 Issac Chuang of the Los Alamos National Laboratory have invented first quantum computer which was loaded with data and output solution.
The global quantum computing market is segmented on the basis of components, application, end user and region covered. Based on components the global quantum computing is segmented as hardware, services and software. On the basis of application global quantum computing is classified as optimizing, automation, data analytics. Based on end user the global quantum computing is classified as healthcare and pharmaceuticals, energy and power, defense and others
Quantum computing & technologies consists of subatomic particles such as electrons, photons that exist in more than one state at any time. Unlike traditional computers, the quantum computer comprises series of bits with additional quantum analog qubits. Qubits are physically distinguishable two states quantum mechanical systems like electron and photon in the two dimensions which are responsible for the entanglement and super positioning movement. With the help of qubit, it becomes easy to identify, interpret and analyze the data stored in the warehouse system. Quantum computers can be operated at freezing temperatures near absolute zero which is most suitable to execute its functioning. Quantum computation is the scientific method of finding the most perfect and accurate solutions for problems that cannot be solved by traditional computers. Quantum computational technique is capable of solving polynomials, factorization, and exponential problems with the help of machine learning, Big Data, Internet of Things, Cloud Computing and artificial intelligence which consist of recurrent neural networks to optimize and extricate the dynamic data.
Quantum computing & technologies market report is segmented on the basis of type of technology, applications, component, end-user industry and by region & country level. Based upon technology, market is segmented into Blockchain, Adiabatic, Measurement-Based, superconducting and topological. Based upon applications, market is segmented into Cryptography, IoT/Big data/Artificial intelligence, teleportation, Simulation & data optimization and others. Based upon component, the market is classified as hardware, software & systems and services. Based upon end-user industry, the quantum computing & technology market is segmented into aerospace and defense, healthcare, manufacturing, it & telecommunications, energy and others.
The regions covered in this Global Quantum Computing & Technologies market report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World. On the basis of country level, market of Global Quantum Computing & Technologies market is sub divided into U.S., Mexico, Canada, UK, France, Germany, Italy, China, Japan, India, South East Asia, GCC, Africa, etc.
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Some major key players for Quantum Computing & Technologies market are,
Increased Demand for Handling & Analyzing the Data for Making Business Decisions More Effective and Rising Incidences of Cybercrime are Some of the Major Factors Driving the Growth of the Global Quantum Computing & Technologies Market.
The key factor for growth of global quantum computing market is increasing demand for new research and technology in field such as healthcare, defense, drug design and space technology are major factors driving the growth of quantum computing. The problem which cannot solve by using supercomputer can easily solve by using quantum computer the cloud processing is major part in quantum computing system which solves the complex problem with minimum time. The industries such as space and defense have the largest share in quantum computing market in 2020, the need of secure communication and data transfer with faster data operation which boosts the demand of quantum computing. In the last year the quantum volume of IBM was 16 and by now it has been doubled up to 32 quantum volume which is more high achievement in the field of quantum computing since 2017. However lots of error, high cost and lack of knowledge regarding quantum computing to people may restrain the growth of quantum computing market. However increasing investment in research and development for building low cost and efficient quantum computer will increase the opportunities in global market in expected period.
The key factor for growth of global quantum computing market is increasing demand for new research and technology in field such as healthcare, defense, drug design and space technology are major factors driving the growth of quantum computing. The problem which cannot solve by using supercomputer can easily solve by using quantum computer the cloud processing is major part in quantum computing system which solves the complex problem with minimum time. The industries such as space and defense have the largest share in quantum computing market in 2020, the need of secure communication and data transfer with faster data operation which boosts the demand of quantum computing. In the last year the quantum volume of IBM was 16 and by now it has been doubled up to 32 quantum volume which is more high achievement in the field of quantum computing since 2017. However lots of error, high cost and lack of knowledge regarding quantum computing to people may restrain the growth of quantum computing market. However increasing investment in research and development for building low cost and efficient quantum computer will increase the opportunities in global market in expected period.Growth of quantum computing & technologies is primarily driven by big data handling, problem-solving technique to optimize the data which are used in various industries including automotive healthcare energy & power. According to a research, everyday internet generates 2.5 billion gigabytes of YouTube shorts, viral news stories, click-bait articles, and blogs. Worldwide 3.58 billion internet users gather together to send 500 million tweets, publish 2 million articles, and send 281.1 billion emails every day. So, there is huge data and Quantum computing technology allows the user to simulate, detect, analyze, and diagnose the scattered data into well-structured data sets. According to the survey of IT, leaders from the top 400 organization quantum computing technology finds 71% view the emergence of quantum computers as a threat to cyber security. One of the biggest restraints of this technology is its high cost and it requires absolute zero temperature to operate so its difficult to maintain that temperature at low cost. Another big challenge faced by this technology is the lack of knowledge and awareness about encryption algorithms and codes used while performing some tasks in quantum computers.
In spite of that, incresaing technological advancements with high-performance quantum computing technology used in various industries such as aerospace & defense, BFSI, healthcare & life science, energy & utilities, and others fosters the growth of the market. Its excellent problem-solving power, growing spending and investment in the development and research by industry giants, has also increase the demand for quantum computing from medical research and financial sectors are expected to create great opportunity for the investors.
North America is Expected to Dominate the Global Quantum Computing & Technologies Market.
North America is dominating the growth in quantum computing market due to rapidly increase in new technology and initiative taken by government to increase the research in quantum computing. The government of US has signed a bill of 1.2 billion USD for countries effort towards quantum information science. Canada is one of the leading countries in quantum computing research. Canada has invested 1 billion USD in past decade, the government initiative; growing private sector impact drives the quantum technology development in Canada. The Europe Union is expected to drive the growth of quantum computing market. The Germany is going to invested 650 million Euros for quantum technology from basic research to market ready applications. The UK government have announced 1253 million Euros investment in quantum computing advancement the government is have invested 1.27 billion USD since 2014 and now the UKs National Quantum Technology Program have passed 1 billion Euros for development in quantum technology.
North America is emerged as a leading region in the global quantum computing & technologies market followed by Europe and Asia pacific. In the fiscal year, 2019 the U.S. government has provided $1.2 billion to fund the activities promoting quantum information science for an initial five-year period followed by U.S. the European Union has also launched a $1.1 billion investment in providing the top quantum computing strategic plan. One of the biggest competitors of the U.S. is China there is a race going on for using the most advanced technology of quantum computing. China is planning to build the worlds biggest quantum research facility for quantum computers and other revolutionary technology. The National Laboratory for Quantum Information Science of China will be located on a 37-hectare site next to a small lake in Hefei, Anhui province, China.
Key Benefits for Global Quantum Computing & Technologies Market Report
Global market report covers in depth historical and forecast analysis.
Global market research report provides detail information about Market Introduction, Market Summary, Global market Revenue (Revenue USD), Market Drivers, Market Restraints, Market opportunities, Competitive Analysis, Regional and Country Level.
Global market report helps to identify opportunities in market place.
Global market report covers extensive analysis of emerging trends and competitive landscape.
By Type of Technology: Block chain, Adiabatic, Measurement-Based, Superconducting, Topological
By Applications: Cryptography, IoT/Big data/Artificial intelligence/ML, Teleportation, Simulation & Data Optimization, Others
By Component: Hardware, Software & Systems, Services
By End-User Industry: Aerospace and Defense, Healthcare, Manufacturing, IT & Telecommunications, Energy and Power, Others
Regional & Country AnalysisNorth America, U.S., Mexico, Canada , Europe, UK, France, Germany, Italy , Asia Pacific, China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia, South America, Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, The Middle East and Africa, GCC, Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa
Table of Content
1.1. Research Process
1.2. Primary Research
1.3. Secondary Research
1.4. Market Size Estimates
1.5. Data Triangulation
1.6. Forecast Model
1.7. USPs of Report
1.8. Report Description
2.1. Market Introduction
2.2. Executive Summary
2.3. Global Quantum Computing & Technologies Market Classification
2.4. Market Drivers
2.5. Market Restraints
2.6. Market Opportunity
2.7. Quantum Computing & Technologies Market: Trends
2.8. Porters Five Forces Analysis
2.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
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NC Central University is added to IBM’s HBCU quantum computing program – WRAL Tech Wire
Editors note:LimeLightis a new feature from WRAL TechWire offering another means of publishing noteworthy news. Be sure to check out moreLimeLight worthy news at this link.
When IBM launched theIBM-HBCU Quantum Centerlast September, our goal was to collaborate with historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in a way that would advance not only quantum information science, but also STEM-based opportunities for these traditionally underrepresented communities. We are proud to report that this initiative in the quantum computing field is off to a fast start, as HBCUs, students, and faculty begin to explore the Centers vast potential.
Limelight
Membership has nearly doubledin less than six monthsto a total of 23 HBCUs. We have created a community of students and faculty, including the start of an undergraduate research program where students are exploring quantum computation withQiskit, and havecontributed to a pre-printon arXiv that investigates the use of machine learning and quantum computing to better understand unknown quantum systems.
Today, weve announced a slate of new members for the Center, with 10 historically Black colleges and universities joining the Centers 13 founding institutions. The new schools (in alphabetical order) are:
In addition to this rapid growth, we are honored to have distinguished faculty as members of the Center, including Howard University associate professor of physicsThomas Searles, winner of the inauguralJoseph A. Johnson III Award for Excellence;Serena Eley, an assistant professor of physics at the Colorado School of Mines and head of theEley Quantum Materials Group; andAnderson Sunda-Meya, an associate professor of physics at Xavier University of Louisiana and recipient of the2021 American Physical Society Excellence in Physics Education Award.
ProfessorsEleyandSearleshave also received grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF) through the organizations Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program. The program supports early-career faculty who have the potential to become academic role models in research and education and to lead advances in their department or organization.
The Center is a multi-year investment designed to prepare and develop talent at HBCUs from all STEM disciplines. IBMs goals are to build a sustainable quantum research and education program by increasing the number of Black students educated in Quantum Information Science and Engineering (QISE), strengthening research efforts of faculty at HBCUs in QISE, and providing opportunities for scholarship, fellowships, and internships for HBCU undergraduate and graduate students.
The IBM-HBCU Quantum Centers mission is to educate, foster collaboration on joint research, and ultimately createa more diverse quantum-ready workforcefor students studying everything from physics and chemistry to computer science and business.The Centers members collaborate across their respective institutions, and are building regional interactions to strengthen both faculty and student engagement.
Black and Latinx students leave STEM majors at nearly twice the rate of white students, due largely to the lack of a support structure and access to resources as they pursue their academic goals,according to EAB, a Washington-based education research company. We see the need for an inclusive, supportive space where these students and their professors are able to collaborate and explore emerging technologies. This collaboration with HBCUs, which educate27 percentof African American graduates with STEM degrees, will increase opportunities for faculty and students to identify and launch successful careers in the budding field of quantum computing.
Since IBM first put a quantum computer on the cloud almost five years ago, it has pushed the boundaries of both access and enablement for quantum computation at a global scale. One example is ourQiskit Global Summer School, which delivered an undergraduate-level course on quantum algorithms to a global audience of over 4,000 students in over 100 countries. Another example is our partnership withThe Coding Schoolexpanding quantum education to high schools by educating thousands of students around the world for a full academic year.
We know that early touch points with new technology can help increase the likelihood of capturing interest in the subject and is critical for underrepresented communities. In return, we envision quantum computing benefitting greatly from a diverse community of researchers and industry professionals that can help advance the technology and identify commercial applications.
As the Center continues to develop, we are measuring success on a number of metrics, including student engagement, talent and workforce development, and research capacity. We hope to apply these best practices as we build the quantum workforce, especially at community colleges and undergraduate and minority-serving institutions, which all serve traditionally underrepresented communities in STEM.
(C) IBM
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NC Central University is added to IBM's HBCU quantum computing program - WRAL Tech Wire
Global Cryogen Free Dilution Refrigerators Market Expected to Reach USD 211.4 Million by 2027 With A CAGR Of 9.1% | Growth Market Reports – PRNewswire
PUNE, India, Feb. 24, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- According to a recent market study published by Growth Market Reports, titled, "Global Cryogen Free Dilution Refrigerators Marketby Types (Base Temperature Less Than 10 mK, Base Temperature Between 10 - 20 mK, Base Temperature between 21 - 80 mK, and Base Temperature Above 80 mK), Applications (Nano Research, Quantum Computing, Low Temperature Detection, and Others) and Regions: Size, Share, Trends, and Opportunity Analysis, 2020-2027", the market was valued at USD 112.1 Million in 2019 and is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of 9.1% between 2020 and 2027. On the basis of volume, global cryogen free dilution refrigerators market is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of 8.1% during the forecast period. Rise in the investment in R&D for developing quantum computing applications and quantum computer is expected to increases the demand for cryogen free dilution refrigerators.
The report covers comprehensive data on emerging trends, market drivers, growth opportunities, and restraints that can change the market dynamics of the industry. It provides an in-depth analysis of the market segments which include products, applications, and competitor analysis.
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This report also includes a complete analysis of industry players that cover their latest developments, product portfolio, pricing, mergers, acquisitions, and collaborations. Moreover, it provides crucial strategies that are helping them to expand their market share.
Highlights on the segments of the Cryogen Free Dilution Refrigerators Market
The global cryogen free dilution refrigerators market is segmented into types, applications, and regions.
On the basis of types,the market has been divided into base temperature less than 10 mK, base temperature between 10 - 20 mK, base temperature between 21 - 80 mK, and base temperature above 80 mK.
In terms of applications,the global cryogen free dilution refrigerators market has classified as nano research, quantum computing, low temperature detection, and others.
By region,cryogen free dilution refrigerators market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa (MEA).
North America region is further bifurcated into countries such as the U.S., and Canada. The Latin America region is further segmented into Brazil, Mexico, and Rest of Latin America, the Asia Pacific is further segmented into, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, South East Asia (SEA), and Rest of Asia Pacific (APAC). The European region is further categorized into Germany, France, U.K., Spain, Russia, and Rest of Europe, and the Rest of Europe, and the MEA region is further divided into Saudi Arabia, South Africa, UAE, and the Rest of MEA.
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Cryogen free dilution refrigerators have become one of the integral and dominant components in the technological world owing to their effectiveness in cooling technical parts for relevant research fields. In the last few years, the use of cryogen free dilution refrigerators has been useful in various scientific quantum computers around the world, as it helps detect the behaviour and nature of energy and matter at the quantum level. Cryogen free dilution refrigerators use Helium-4 and Helium-3 isotopes in the place of liquid helium and liquid nitrogen for continuous & excessive cooling.
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Read 187 Pages Research Report with Detailed ToC on"Global Cryogen Free Dilution Refrigerators Market by Types (Base Temperature Less Than 10 mK, Base Temperature Between 10 - 20 mK, Base Temperature between 21 - 80 mK, and Base Temperature Above 80 mK), Applications (Nano Research, Quantum Computing, Low Temperature Detection, and Others) and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa)"
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Global Cryogen Free Dilution Refrigerators Market Expected to Reach USD 211.4 Million by 2027 With A CAGR Of 9.1% | Growth Market Reports - PRNewswire
bp joins the IBM Quantum Network to advance use of quantum computing in energy – Green Car Congress
IBM announced that bp has joined the IBM Quantum Network to advance the use of quantum computing in the energy industry. IBM Quantum is an industry-first initiative to build universal quantum systems for business and science applications.
By joining the IBM Quantum Network as an Industry Partner, bp will have access to IBMs quantum expertise and software and cloud-based access to the most advanced quantum computers available via the cloud. This includes access to a premium 65-qubit quantum computer, the largest universal quantum system available to industry today, and an important milestone on the IBM Quantum roadmap to a 1,000-plus qubit system (IBM Quantum Condor), targeted for the end of 2023.
ExxonMobil and Daimler are also IBM Quantum Network Industry Partners.
bp will work with IBM to explore using quantum computing to solve business and engineering challenges and explore the potential applications for driving efficiencies and reducing carbon emissions.
bps ambition is to become a net zero company by 2050 or sooner and help the world get to net zero. Next-generation computing capabilities such as quantum computing will assist in solving the science and engineering challenges we will face, enabling us to reimagine energy and design new lower carbon products.
Morag Watson, senior vice president, digital science and engineering for bp
Quantum computing has the potential to be applied in areas such as: modeling the chemistry and build-up of various types of clay in hydrocarbon wellsa crucial factor in efficient hydrocarbon production; analyzing and managing the fluid dynamics of wind farms; optimizing autonomous robotic facility inspection; and helping create opportunities not yet imagined to deliver the clean energy the world wants and needs.
In 2020, bp announced its net zero ambition and its new strategy. By the end of this decade, it aims to have developed around 50 gigawatts of net renewable-generating capacity (a 20-fold increase), increased annual low carbon investment 10-fold to around $5 billion and cut its oil and gas production by 40%.
Joining the IBM Quantum Network will enhance bps ability to leverage quantum advances and applications as they emerge and then influence on how those breakthroughs can be applied to its industry and the energy transition.
bp joins a rapidly growing number of clients working with IBM to explore quantum computing to help accelerate the discovery of solutions to some of todays biggest challenges. The energy industry is ripe with opportunities to see value from the use of quantum computing through the discovery of new materials designed to improve the generation, transfer, and storage of energy.
Dario Gil, Senior Vice President and Director of IBM Research
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bp joins the IBM Quantum Network to advance use of quantum computing in energy - Green Car Congress
IBM adds 10 historically Black colleges and universities to quantum computing center – TechRepublic
The IBM-HBCU Quantum Center is a research network and a hands-on learning program.
The IBM-HBCU Quantum Center announced on Monday that it is adding 10 historically Black colleges and universities to the center's 13 founding institutions. The center was launched last fall with the goal of advancing quantum information science and expanding science and technology opportunities to a broader group of students.
Kayla Lee, PhD, growth product manager for community partnerships at IBM Quantum and Qiskit, said she anticipates that new career paths such as quantum developer will become more defined as the field continues to evolve over the next few years.
"I hope that the IBM-HBCU Quantum Center accomplishes two things: inspires people to consider careers in quantum computing and provides additional support for students and faculty as they explore various research topics in quantum computing," she said. "I hope that our students participating in the center are more than equipped to thrive in this emerging industry."
The new schools joining the center are:
This multiyear investment connects researchers and students across a network of HBCUs. The program provides schools with access to IBM quantum computers via the cloud, educational support for students learning to use the Qiskit open source software development framework, and funding for undergraduate and graduate research.
SEE:Quantum computing: A cheat sheet(TechRepublic)
One of the initiative's goals is to create a more diverse quantum-ready workforce from students across multiple disciplines including physics, chemistry, computer science and business.
Researchers from the HBCUs are also on center's board, including Howard University associate professor of physics Thomas Searles; Serena Eley, an assistant professor of physics at the Colorado School of Mines and head of the Eley Quantum Materials Group; and Anderson Sunda-Meya, an associate professor of physics at Xavier University of Louisiana.
Since opening last fall, the center has hosted a community hack-a-thon and contributed to a pre-print on arXiv that investigates the use of machine learning and quantum computing to better understand unknown quantum systems. arXiv is a free distribution service and an open-access archive for scholarly articles in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, statistics, electrical engineering and systems science, and economics.
IBM is measuring the impact of the center by tracking student engagement, talent and workforce development and research capacity. The center also plans to look for ways to support professors and students map out career plans that have a long-term impact on quantum computing.
SEE: To do in 2021: Get up to speed with quantum computing 101 (TechRepublic)
JPMorgan Chase also is building a pipeline of people with quantum computing experience. The banking company was one of the early customers for IBM's quantum computer and is planning a Quantum Computing Summer Associates program for 2021.
The quantum industry is supporting several initiatives to expand educational opportunities. The European Organization for Nuclear Research recently offered a series of free webinars about quantum computing. The course covers the basic concepts of the quantum circuit model, including qubits, gates, and measures, as well as quantum algorithms and protocols. Q-CTRL recently hired quantum physics professor Chris Ferrie as a quantum education adviser. Q-CTRL specializes in controls for quantum computing.
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IBM adds 10 historically Black colleges and universities to quantum computing center - TechRepublic
Physicists Need to Be More Careful with How They Name Things – Scientific American
In 2012, the quantum physicist John Preskill wrote, We hope to hasten the day when well controlled quantum systems can perform tasks surpassing what can be done in the classical world. Less than a decade later, two quantum computing systems have met that mark: Googles Sycamore, and the University of Science and Technology of Chinas Jizhng. Both solved narrowly designed problems that are, so far as we know, impossible for classical computers to solve quickly. How quickly? How impossible? To solve a problem that took Jizhng 200 seconds, even the fastest supercomputers are estimated to take at least two billion years.
Describing what then may have seemed a far-off goal, Preskill gave it a name: quantum supremacy. In a blog post at the time, he explained Im not completely happy with this term, and would be glad if readers could suggest something better.
Were not happy with it either, and we believe that the physics community should be more careful with its language, for both social and scientific reasons. Even in the abstruse realms of matter and energy, language matters because physics is done by people.
The word supremacyhaving more power, authority or status than anyone elseis closely linked to white supremacy. This isnt supposition; its fact. The Corpus of Contemporary American English finds white supremacy is 15 times more frequent than the next most commonly used two-word phrase, judicial supremacy. Though English is the global lingua franca of science, it is notable that the USTC team avoided quantum supremacy because in Chinese, the character meaning supremacy also has uncomfortable, negative connotations. The problem is not confined merely to English.
White supremacist movements have grown around the globe in recent years, especially in the United States, partly as a racist backlash to the Black Lives Matter movement. As Preskill has recently acknowledged, the word unavoidably evokes a repugnant political stance.
Quantum supremacy has also become a buzzword in popular media (for example, here and here). Its suggestion of domination may have contributed to unjustified hype, such as the idea that quantum computers will soon make classical computers obsolete. Tamer alternatives such as quantum advantage, quantum computational supremacy and even quantum ascendancy have been proposed, but none have managed to supplant Preskills original term. More jargony proposals like Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum computing (NISQ) and tongue-in-cheek suggestions like quantum non-uselessness have similarly failed to displace supremacy.
Here, we propose an alternative we believe succinctly captures the scientific implications with less hype andcruciallyno association with racism: quantum primacy.
Whats in a name? Its not just that quantum supremacy by any other name would smell sweeter. By making the case for quantum primacy we hope to illustrate some of the social and scientific issues at hand. In President Joe Bidens letter to his science adviser, the biologist Eric Lander, he asks How can we ensure that Americans of all backgrounds are drawn into both the creation and the rewards of science and technology? One small change can be in the language we use. GitHub, for example, abandoned the odious master/slave terminology after pressure from activists.
Were physics, computer science and engineering more diverse, perhaps we would not still be having this discussion, which one of us wrote about four years ago. But in the U.S., when only 2 percent of bachelors degrees in physics are awarded to Black students, when Latinos comprise less than 7 percent of engineers, and women account for a mere 12 percent of full professors in physics, this is a conversation that needs to happen. As things stand, quantum supremacy can come across as adding insult to injury.
The nature of quantum computing, and its broad interest to the public outside of industry laboratories and academia means that the debate around quantum supremacy was inevitably going to be included in the broader culture war.
In 2019, a short correspondence to Nature argued that the quantum computing community should adopt different terminology to avoid overtones of violence, neocolonialism and racism. Within days, the dispute was picked up by the conservative editorial pages of the Wall Street Journal, which attacked quantum wokeness and suggested that changing the term would be a slippery slope all the way down to cancelling Diana Ross The Supremes.
The linguist Steven Pinker weighed in to argue that the prissy banning of words by academics should be resisted. It dumbs down understanding of language: word meanings are conventions, not spells with magical powers, and all words have multiple senses, which are distinguished in context. Also, it makes academia a laughingstock, tars the innocent, and does nothing to combat actual racism & sexism.
It is true that supremacy is not a magic word, that its meaning comes from convention, not conjurers. But the context of quantum supremacy, which Pinker neglects, is that of a historically white, male-dominated discipline. Acknowledging this by seeking better language is a basic effort to be polite, not prissy.
Perhaps the most compelling argument raised in favor of quantum supremacy is that it could function to reclaim the word. Were quantum supremacy 15 times more common than white supremacy, the shoe would be on the other foot. Arguments for reclamation, however, must account for who is doing the reclaiming. If the charge to take back quantum supremacy were led by Black scientists and other underrepresented minorities in physics, that would be one thing. No survey exists, but anecdotal evidence suggests this is decidedly not the case.
To replace supremacy, we need to have a thoughtful conversation. Not any alternative will do, and there is genuinely tricky science at stake. Consider the implications of quantum advantage. An advantage might be a stepladder that makes it easier to reach a high shelf, or a small head start in a race. Some quantum algorithms are like this. Grovers search algorithm is only quadratically faster than its classical counterpart, so a quantum computer running Grovers algorithm might solve a problem that took classical computers 100 minutes in the square root of that time10 minutes. Not bad! Thats definitely an advantage, especially as runtimes get longer, but it doesnt compare to some quantum speedups.
Perhaps the most famous quantum speedup comes from Shor's algorithm, which can find the factors of numbers (e.g. 5 and 3 are factors of 15) almost exponentially faster than the best classical algorithms. While classical computers are fine with small numbers, every digit takes a toll. For example, a classical computer might factor a 100-digit number in seconds, but a 1000-digit number would take billions of years. A quantum computer running Shor's algorithm could do it in an hour.
When quantum computers can effectively do things that are impossible for classical computers, they have something much more than an advantage. We believe primacy captures much of this meaning. Primacy means preeminent position or the condition of being first. Additionally, it shares a Latin root (primus, or first) with mathematical terms such as prime and primality.
While quantum computers may be first to solve a specific problem, that does not imply they will dominate; we hope quantum primacy helps avoid the insinuation that classical computers will be obsolete. This is especially important because quantum primacy is a moving target. Classical computers and classical algorithms can and do improve, so quantum computers will have to get bigger and better to stay ahead.
These kinds of linguistic hotfixes do not reach even a bare minimum for diversifying science; the most important work involves hiring and retention and actual material changes to the scientific community to make it less white and male. But if opposition to improving the language of science is any indication about broader obstacles to diversifying it, this is a conversation we must have.
Physicists may prefer vacuums for calculation, but science does not occur in one. It is situated in the broader social and political landscape, one which both shapes and is shaped by the decisions of researchers.
This is an opinion and analysis article.
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Physicists Need to Be More Careful with How They Name Things - Scientific American