Category Archives: Quantum Computing
Why quantum computing is a security threat and how to defend against it [Q&A] – BetaNews
Quantum computing offers incredible computing power and is set to transform many areas such as research. However, it also represents a threat to current security systems as cracking passwords and encryption keys becomes much easier.
So quantum is a security threat, but is there a solution to making systems safer? We spoke to David Williams, CEO of symmetric encryption specialist Arqit, to find out.
BN: Why are current encryption techniques no longer adequate?
DW: First, public key cryptography was not designed for a hyper-connected world, it wasn't designed for an Internet of Things, it's unsuitable for the nature of the world that we're building. The need to constantly refer to certification providers for authentication or verification is fundamentally unsuitable. And of course the mathematical primitives at the heart of that are definitely compromised by quantum attacks so you have a system which is crumbling and is certainly dead in a few years time.
A lot of the attacks we've seen result from certifications being compromised, certificates expiring, certificates being stolen and abused.
But with the sort of computational power available from a quantum computer blockchain is also at risk. If you make a signature bigger to guard against it being cracked the block size becomes huge and the whole blockchain grinds to a halt.
BN: Where did you start to look for a solution?
DW: The person who solves this will become very successful, so in 2017 we began an innovation journey. The tech that we had back then most definitively did not work, it didn't solve the problem. What we now have is a product which is called Quantum Cloud. It's just a a lightweight software agent that's 200 lines of code that can be delivered from the cloud and it can be downloaded into any device. We can put it into an IoT sensor, or a battleship, it doesn't matter, it's the same software for all devices.
What that software does is it creates keys for groups of devices that want to communicate securely, so it could be two or 20 or 2000 devices, and they all undergo a process whereby they create a brand new symmetric encryption key, which they then use to communicate securely. We know that symmetric encryption key is computationally secure. A symmetric encryption key is just a long random number, and even a quantum computer in future will not be able to crack it in less than billions of years. Symmetric encryption keys have been used for decades, delivered by human courier, and therefore the algorithm to use such keys is already built into the world's software systems which means there's no great change required for the world to adopt the use of this technology.
We didn't invent symmetric encryption keys, we invented a way to distribute them securely.
BN: Can you give us an idea of how this works?
DW: Imagine two end points in in London and New York who want to create a secure channel. Each device talks to a data center in its city. In each location there are Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) which have identical sets of the encryption key data. That data is put there by 'satellites' which use a quantum protocol to deliver that information in a method that we can demonstrate is provably secure.
Think of the data centers as buckets, three times a day the satellites throw some random numbers into the buckets and all data centers end up with an identical bucket full of identical sets of random information. So, the endpoints talk to the data centers, which have a conversation and they agree on some information or clues to send in common to the end points, without actually knowing what that information is. In a very clever mashup of those clues, and the existing data that they have on their devices, the end points then create simultaneously a brand new random number.
BN: Is this available today?
DW: The satellite technology is still a couple of years away, currently the root source of random numbers is delivered to data centers by a random number generator in a data center, through some terrestrial mechanisms, which is regarded by our customers as secure today. It's not quantum safe yet, but the network gets upgraded in two years time when the quantum satellites launch and the whole thing becomes quantum safe.
BN: How will it tie in with a zero trust world?
DW: Conventionally with satellite quantum encryption, you can either be zero trust or you can be global, you can't be both. Well that makes the whole thing a bit pointless because the internet's global. Our technology is simultaneously zero trust and global. So, in our protocol the satellite is never trusted with the key, an individual receiver is never trusted with the key. It is a zero trust system. But secondly, the endpoint software adds another layer of zero-trust functionality. The data centers never have the key, the key is never created somewhere else and distributed. The key is created locally on the device, and therefore there is no other device in the network which we're trusting with the key. Therefore, the software protocol is also zero trust.
BN: Will the end user logging into their bank or VPN see any difference?
DW: It's unlikely that a consumer will ever see the operation of our new software, you won't see it sitting on your device called 'Arqit's product', it will be baked into other people's applications and it will be a seamless experience for the average customer.
BN: Are there wider applications for the technology?
DW: One of the things we're most excited about is JADC2 (Joint All-Domain Command and Control), which is basically the military Internet of Things. This involves lots of devices that need to operate in dynamic environments. You can't possibly give every single device that you might feasibly want to communicate with a set of keys to cope with every possible scenario its simply impossible. And in JADC2 we have to rely currently on old fashioned public key cryptography.
But if every device can just download the lightweight quantum cloud agents, then as soon as you agree that drone needs to talk to that satellite, which needs to talk to that other commander, they just set up brand new key dynamically in real time. We can create unbreakable and trustless keys in the moment that they needed and we can change the access rights.
Of course the same problem is also solved in the enterprise and for consumer devices. So yes, the application of our technology is everything, everywhere. There is no application we've ever thought of where the technology can't make things stronger and simpler.
Photo Credit: The World in HDR / Shutterstock.com
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Why quantum computing is a security threat and how to defend against it [Q&A] - BetaNews
Prepare for the next phase of digital transformation at The Quantum Computing Summit – UKTN – UKTN (UK Technology News
The disruptive potential of quantum computing is becoming a reality at an unprecedented rate, and there is now a need more than ever to start to demystify quantum. Its time tounderstandwhat it means for business,the impact it will have,and how to get itembedded intoemerging technology strategies within organisations.
As revenue from quantum computing is expected to grow at a CAGR of 32% from 2019 to 2030, reaching 2.54 billion ($3.5 billion) in 2030, there is huge potentialinunlockingthis transformative technology. So,the question is, how to get this relativelynewtechnology that has the possibility to revolutionise business on thestrategicagenda now?
Part of the strategy to roll out quantumin businesswillbehowtopresent this to both internal and external stakeholders, how and what to educate teams onregardingthegrowthopportunity quantum offers, and the steps to taketo do this. And this is no mean feat.
The Quantum Computing Summit London,co-located with The AI Summitat theExCeLLondon(22-23 September),has been designed to provide businessand technical insight, to showcase how quantum is delivering real business value.Access the knowledge from the leaders who will be presenting quantum computing in way that will enable enterprises to secureinvestmentandstakeholder support,and enable them toprogress with pilot programmes.
The Quantum Computing Summit will behostingglobal pioneersfrom across the techsphere who are leading the quantum charge,andwill be diving into topics and discussion areasthat include:
Explore the full agenda here
There isnt a silver bullet for quantum computing but therecouldbe consequences for failing to preparefor this next wave of digital transformation.At the Quantum ComputingSummit,you can leverage access to theexpertswhowill be demonstratinginitial steps required to take in your quantumjourney, and how to lay the foundations for a comprehensive strategy androadmapfor success.
Connect with partners who are actively working with enterprises to scale quantum, and who are accelerating the application of quantum computing in business to solve the most challenging problems.TheQuantum Computing Summitgives enterprisesaccess the tools, practical insights and strategiesto demystify quantum,which will help enterprises to:
There is no doubt that Quantum computing has the potential to disrupt your industry. Gain a competitive edge with access to two days of unrivalled content and access the strategies to quantum you can implement to accelerate business success.
Now is the time to actively take steps to build partnerships that will take your company to the next level.Join us next week in a safe and secure environment and lets get back to business.
The Quantum Computing Summit, 22-23rdSeptember2021,ExCeLLondon.
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Prepare for the next phase of digital transformation at The Quantum Computing Summit - UKTN - UKTN (UK Technology News
‘This Is The Beginning Of A New Industry’: College Park Looks To Quantum Computing To Spark Office Growth – Bisnow
As College Park looks to growits commercial sector and generate demand for office space planned around the University of Maryland's campus, one emerging technology industryis providing promise: quantum computing.
Bisnow/Jon Banister
PGEDC's Ebony Stocks, Brandywine CEO Gerard Sweeney and University of Maryland President Darryll Pines.
College Park startup IonQreached a $2B dealin March that would make it the first quantum computing company to go public, and it is expectedto complete itsIPO later this month. Last week, IonQ and UMDannounced a partnership to develop a new quantum computing lab that they said would be the first of its kind inthe country.
Theuniversity is spending$20M to build the lab, and it has previously invested $300M into quantum science to helpadvancethe emerging sector. Leaders from the university and the county, speaking Wednesday at Bisnow's Future of Prince George's Countyevent in College Park, said the cityhas the ability to become a national hubfor quantum computing, potentially creating a new commercial real estate cluster around the campus.
University of Maryland President Darryll Pines, who was dean of theuniversity's engineering school before becoming presidentlast year, said he seesthe IonQ IPO and lab partnership as a major opportunity for College Park.
"This is the beginning of a new industry; this is why you should care," Pines told the audience of around 175 commercial real estate professionals. "It's at the nascent stage right now, but the fact that it's sitting here in our backyard allows us to leverage it and allows us to build a quantum industry in this region."
Pines said College Park is particularly primed to benefit from this industry's growth because of itsDiscovery District, a150-acre mixed-use district in between the campus and the Metro station that the university is partnering with private developers to build. The Discovery District welcomed a new 297-room hotel in 2017anda WeWork coworking space in 2019, and it has several office, multifamily and retail projects in various stages ofdevelopment.
The latest project to move forward in the Discovery District is a 5-acre, $300M development from Brandywine Realty Trust. The university and its partner, Terrapin Development Co., selectedBrandywine in March to build 550K SF of office, 250 multifamily units and retail.
Courtesy of Brandywine Realty Trust
A rendering of the mixed-use project Brandywine plans to build in College Park's Discovery District.
Brandywine Realty Trust CEO Gerard Sweeney announced at Thursday'sevent that the project will be branded as Discovery Point, and he said heaims to start construction within 18 months. He said he thinks the project could support the city's emerging quantum computing sector.
"It will be a combination of office, academic research, translational labs and quantum computing support, so really space that we'll be building to support the growth and ecosystem within the university," Sweeney said.
Sweeney, whose Philadelphia-based company has completedsimilar projects around the University of Pennsylvaniacampus, compared the opportunity College Park has with quantum computing to thebooming cell and gene therapy industry in Philadelphia. That industrywas inits early stages a decade ago when Brandywine got involved, and Sweeney said because of U Penn's research leadership, Philadelphianow has 88 cell and gene therapy companies employing 56,000 people.
"When we looked at Discovery Point, we saw the same opportunity here," he said. "The vision is what it can be, not what it is. Our job is to translate what it is and how it looks and make sure it's an attractive platform to be really a physical accelerator to the mission of the university and Prince George's County of job creation."
Bisnow/Jon Banister
FSC First's Dawn Medley, Terrapin Development Co.'s Ken Ulman, Cybrary's Ralph Sita, COPT's Dean Lopez, Southern Management's Suzanne Hillman and Velocity Cos.' Brandon Bellamy.
Terrapin Development Co. President Ken Ulman, who previously served as Howard County Executive and unsuccessfully ran forlieutenantgovernor of Maryland before coming back to work oneconomic development around his alma mater, has an ambitious vision for College Park's tech industry.
"When we think about places in this country that are truly thriving, especially with the tech economy, whether it's Silicon Valley or Austin or Boston or the Research Triangle, what do they have in common? They have universities in those communities that understand their role in commercializing technology and producing a workforce," Ulman said.
"The University of Maryland hasn't always played that role," Ulman added. "We're now doing it. The first role is for UMD to reach its full mission and reach its potential to be able to be that full engine."
Ulman, in an email to Bisnow after the event, said he also worked with UMD tolaunchQuantum Start-up Foundry, an accelerator that offers space, resources and equipment to quantum computing companies that emerge out of the university or relocate to College Park.
"Our focus is truly the ecosystem, from training students in quantum to providing the space and resources necessary to access world-class equipment," he said. "It is rare to be at the start of a truly new technology revolution, and when the opportunity emerged, you must seize it and that's what President Pines and the team are doing."
Corporate Office Properties Trust, in partnership with UMD, has builtover 400K SF of office space in the Discovery District and hasat least 1M SF morein the pipeline. COPT Senior Vice President Dean Lopez said the area has receivedstrong leasing demand in the defense, cybersecurity and technology industries.
"The Discovery District has really evolved and continues to evolve into its own micromarket, and the proximity to the university as a big part of that," Lopez said. "What we've found is companies and organizations that land themselves in theDiscovery District, they don't want to leave, and if anything the challenge is keeping them there as they grow."
One of the companies that has grown in the Discovery District is Cybrary, which movedfrom Greenbelt to an 11K SF College Park space in 2019, and then last year expandedto a 26K SF space at COPT's new 4600 River Road building. Cybrary co-founder Ralph Sita said other jurisdictions including Virginia had tried to lure the company away, but it decided to stay in College Park because of the university.
"I've seen the growth, and I've seen what's happening at the University of Maryland, and I knew for Cybrary to attract great talent it was germane to our mission that we were associated with one of the best institutions in the country," Sita said.
Bisnow/Jon Banister
RISE Investment Partners' Brad Frome and Prince George's County Executive Angela Alsobrooks.
Prince George's County Executive Angela Alsobrooks saidthe county has worked with the university and IonQ on the quantum computing lab partnership, and she sees it as a growth engine that could be replicated in other parts of the county.
"The Discovery District is emblematic of what we see all across the county," Alsobrooks said. "There are so many amazing things about the opportunities that are here ... IonQ is just one example, but there are so many other things that are right now literally growing as a result of the relationship, so it only gets better from here."
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'This Is The Beginning Of A New Industry': College Park Looks To Quantum Computing To Spark Office Growth - Bisnow
A Simple Equation Indicates Wormholes May Be the Key to Quantum Gravity – Interesting Engineering
Theoretical physicists have spent nearly a century trying to reconcile a unified physical theory of our universe out of quantum mechanics and general relativity.
The problem they face is that both prevailing theories work incredibly well at describing our world, and have both held up under repeated experimentation.
But the two might as well be describing two entirely different realities that never actually intersect.
General relativity can mathematically describe a leaf falling from a tree, the orbits of moons and planets, even the formation of galaxies, but is not much use when trying to predict the motion of an electron.
Quantum mechanics, meanwhile appears to violate nearly everything we know about the universe that matter can only be in one place at any given time, that something can only be in one state at a time, or that observing something is not the same thing as interacting with it but which nonetheless gives us the mathematical tools we need to create lasers, quantum computers, and many other modern technologies.
Recently, though, an interesting proposal about a thorny paradox involving black holes,ER = EPR, has been causing quite a stir among physicists, and it's easy to see why. This simple equation might be the wormhole we've been looking forthat bridges the two seemingly irreconcilable theories.
The equation ER = EPRwas proposed in 2013 by the theoretical physicists Leonard Susskind andJuan Maldacena as a possible solution to one of the most contentious issues in modern physics: the black hole firewall.
The problem began in 1974, when British cosmologist Stephen Hawking proposed that black holes would actually leak particles and radiation, and eventually explode. This combined general relativity with quantum theory, but there was a big problem. Dr. Hawking concluded that the radiation coming from a black hole would be completely random, and would convey no information about what had fallen into it. When the black hole finally exploded, that information would be erased from the universe forever.
For particle physicists, this violated a basic tenet of quantum theory, that information is always preserved. Following a 30-year controversy, Dr. Hawking announced in 2004 that his theory was incorrect. However,Dr. Hawking might have been too hasty. At the time, nobody had figured out how information could get out of a black hole. But a group of researchers based in Santa Barabara may have found an answer.
First put forward in a 2012 paper published in the Journal of High Energy Physics, the black hole firewall theory states that immediately behind every event horizon of a black hole there must exist a veil of energy so intense that it completely incinerates anything that falls into it.
The authors demonstrated thatinformation flowing out of a black hole is incompatible with having an area of Einsteinian space-time, the event horizon, at its boundary. Instead of the event horizon, a black hole would have a region of energetic particles a firewall located just inside.
The reason for this, according to the paper's authors, Ahmed Almheiri, Donald Marolf, Joseph Polchinski, and James Sully known collectively as AMPS is that three key assumptions about black holes can't all be true: that information which falls into a black hole is not lost forever (unitarity); that physics outside the event horizon still functions as normal even if it breaks down beyond the event horizon (quantum field theory); and that an object passing the beyond the event horizon would not experience an immediate change (equivalence).
It is this last assumption that AMPS says gives rise to the firewall. AMPS argues that the entanglement of a pair of virtual particles responsible for Hawking radiationis broken at the event horizon, releasing an incredible amount of energy just behind and all along the entire visible boundary of a black hole.
This violation of a key principle of Einstein's General Relativity, however, would essentially lead to the unraveling of the core model of modern physics. If physicists don't like that idea, AMPS argues, then one of the other two pillars of physics as we know it must fall instead.
This has produced fierce debate ever since, with no satisfactory solution. Raphael Bousso,a string theorist at the University of California, Berkeley, says the problem posed by the firewall theory, "shakes the foundations of what most of us believed about black holes...It essentially pits quantum mechanics against general relativity, without giving us any clues as to which direction to go next."
Susskind andMaldacena, however, proposed a novel solution to this problem: wormholes, and this has far-reaching implications beyond just the firewall paradox.
When Albert Einsteinpublished his theory of general relativity in 1916, he revolutionized our understanding of gravity by describing it as the curvature in the fabric of space and time created by the masses of objects in space.
Curvature in space-time can vary with mass, and in theory, in extreme cases, space-time can even curve so much that it touches some other point in the fabric, linking the two points together even if they are separated by vast distances, represent different points in time, or exist in different universes entirely.
Formally known as an Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridge, named for Einstein and his co-author of the 1935 paper describing the bridge, Nathan Rosen, this theoretical bridge in space time is more popularly called a wormhole.
Among the cases where wormholes are hypothesized to be most likely to form are black holes, and if two black holes form an ER bridge with each other, then the point where one black hole begins and the other one ends would essentially disappear.
An ER bridge isn't restricted to singularities though, and if the entwining of two distinct objects into a connected pair sounds familiar, then you're on your way to understanding ER = EPR.
Quantum entanglement, which Einstein famously derided as "spooky action at a distance", is the quantum phenomenon where two interacting particles becoming inextricably linked, so that knowledge of one of the pair immediately gives you knowledge of the other.
More critically, however, because a particle can be in more than one quantum state at once and will only assume a definite state when it is observed or interacted with in some manner, a particle's collapse from superposition into a defined state forces its entangled partner to collapse into the complementary quantum state instantaneously, regardless of the distance between the two.
For example, if one entangled particle's superposition, also described as its waveform or wave function, collapses into an "up" state when it is observed, its entangled partner simultaneously collapses into a "down" state, even if it is on the other side of the universe and it is not being observed at all. How does the other particle know to do this?
This question is what so rattled Einstein and others. This phenomenon clearly implies the communication of information from one particle to the other in violation of General Relativity, since this information exchange appears to travel faster than the speed of light, which is supposed to be the official speed limit of everything in the universe, information included.
Einstein, along with co-authors Rosen andBoris Podolsky, wrote in a 1935 paper that this violation of Relativity meant, "either (1) the description of reality given by the wave function in quantum mechanics is not complete or (2) these two quantities cannot have simultaneous reality."
Essentially, quantum mechanics as described must be leaving out some key principle that conforms it to general relativity, or the two particles could not instantaneously communicate.
Yet, entangled particles appear to be capable of doing exactly what Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen say they cannot possibly do, giving rise to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, a more formal way of describing quantum entanglement.
In fact, quantum entanglement plays a crucial role in quantum computing and, apparently, in explaining how information encoded in the Hawking radiation could get out of a black hole.
With the second half of the equation laid out, we can finally start to reckon with the implications of ER = EPR and how it could be key to unlocking the "Theory of Everything."
When Susskind and Maldacena first approached the black hole paradox in 2012, they weren't the first to see the possible connection between quantum entanglement and the structure of space-time.
Mark Van Raamsdonk, a theoreticalphysicist at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, described an important thought experiment that suggests that an inscrutably complex network of quantum entanglements could actually be the threads that form the fabric of space-time itself.
What Susskind and Maldacena did was take this assumption and make the logical step that wormholes (ER) could be a form of quantum entanglement (EPR), and so entangled particles falling into black holes could still be connected to their partners outside the black hole via quantum-sized wormholes, orER = EPR.
This form ofentanglement would maintain the link between the particles on the interior of a black hole with the older exterior Hawking radiation without having to cross the event horizon and without having to violate the principle that a particle cannot be strongly entangled with two separate partners at once, thus avoiding the creation of the dreaded firewall.
This theoryisn't without its critics though, especially since this kind of entanglement would require a re-evaluation of quantum mechanics itself (as AMPS rightly predicted it would). But what would it mean if Susskind and Maldacena are right and ER = EPR? It could mean everything, at least for the long-elusive unified theory of physics.
What makes ER = EPR more interesting, beyond AMPS' Firewall problem, is what it would mean if we had a describable principle that was the same in both quantum mechanics and relativistic physics.
If quantum entanglement and wormholes are fundamentally linked, then we would have our first real overlap between Relativity and quantum mechanics. Much like the wormholes or entangled particles they describe, these two seemingly disparate fields that have been separated for nearly a century would finally have a thread connecting them.
There is other evidence that this may be the case beyond ER = EPR. There is a lot of excitement around something known as tensor networks, a way of linking entangled particles with other entangled particles, so that A is linked to B and C is linked to D, but also that A and B are collectively linked as a pair to the pair C and D.
These linked pairs could be linked to other linked pairs and start to build complex quantum geometry that implies a strong connection to a curved, hyperbolic geometry of space-time. Our observations of the microwave background radiation strongly suggest a flat, Euclidean plane as a model for our universe, however, at least for the parts that are observable.
In both spherical and hyperbolic geometric models of the universe, though, the universe could still appear flat locally, with the curvature of space-time only becoming apparent once we take the part of space-time beyond the 13.8 billion light-years limit of the observable universe into account.
It's would be similar to the way the Earth looks flat from where you're standing (or sitting) right now, but that's only because you aren't high enough off the ground to perceive its true shape. Get high enough into the air and the spherical shape of the Earth becomes indisputable.
Using ER = EPRto connect quantum mechanics to relativistic physics could, in a way, provide us the theoretical elevation we've been missing to see the true shape of things and finally start to understand how the two theories are actually one and the same.
That's the idea, anyway. Whether that turns out to be the case remains to be seen, and ER = EPR could turn out to be a dud in the end. It wouldn't be the first time, but even those who express warranted skepticism, likeAMPS' own Polchinski, find the idea worth looking into: "I dont know where its going, but its a fun time right now."
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A Simple Equation Indicates Wormholes May Be the Key to Quantum Gravity - Interesting Engineering
Australias nuclear submarines and AUKUS: The view from Jakarta – Brookings Institution
Last Thursdays announcement of Australias plans to pursue nuclear-powered submarines and the launch of AUKUS a new security grouping between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States aimed at promoting information and technology sharing as well as greater defense industry cooperation will be serious considerations for Canberras neighbors and key strategic partners, particularly Indonesia. Despite the periodic disruptions, Australia-Indonesia ties have continued to deepen. Both sets of foreign and defense ministers met in Jakarta on September 9 for the seventh 2+2 meeting, upgrading existing bilateral agreements, announcing new initiatives, and pledging to uphold regional order. In light of this seemingly positive trajectory, how are these developments being viewed in Jakarta?
Starting with the submarines, one of Jakartas major concerns will be the impact on the regions military balance. Not only will Australian nuclear-powered submarines be able to undertake long-endurance, high-speed, stealth operations, but they could be equipped with upgraded missile systems. The Indonesian government issued a statement on Friday saying that it was viewing the submarine decision cautiously and was deeply concerned over the continuing arms race and power projection in the region.
To be clear, the long-range operations that Australia is likely to pursue wont be in the seas directly to its north. And while strategic trust and communication have improved in recent years, suspicions arising from Australias involvement in East Timors independence ballot and revelations of Australian spying remain. These open the door for hawkish figures in Jakarta to call for more muscular military capabilities in light of a potentially threatening southern neighbor. As Evan Laksmana flagged on Twitter, questions will be asked about whether Australia will take its new subs further down the nuclear road, going quickly from nuclear-propelled to nuclear-armed.
Also of concern to Indonesia is how Australias enhanced ability to conduct long-range operations, particularly alongside the U.S. and other Indo-Pacific partners, will factor into Beijings strategic calculus. The Indonesian governments statement reiterated Foreign Minister Retno Marsudis declaration after the recent 2+2 joint press conference that both Australia and Indonesia were committed to be a part of an effort to maintain peace and stability in the region.
Canberras decision to power up its maritime capability, in addition to the assets of other allies and partners, increases the costs for China to engage in conflict. However, this could equally provoke China into developing more sophisticated anti-submarine options and expanding its operating areas, both of which would generate anxiety not just in Jakarta but in other Southeast Asian capitals.
Raising the costs for major Indo-Pacific powers of going to war is in Indonesias interests, but not if that means China has greater maritime capabilities which threaten Indonesia or are used in grey-zone operations. Strengthening the Indonesian archipelago against maritime incursions has been a particular concern for President Joko Widodos administration, with Chinese fishing fleets accompanied by coast guard and other vessels flagrantly operating in Indonesias exclusive economic zone.
The threat of the Chinese navy has remained over the horizon. Jakarta has watched Beijing use not just white but grey hulls against the Philippines and Vietnam. While Indonesia has been slowly modernizing its military, particularly its navy and air force, the government would prefer to focus on internal matters like post-COVID-19 economic recovery and infrastructure upgrades.
Looking more broadly at the launch of AUKUS, from Indonesias vantage point it is a sign of greater Australian alignment not just with the U.S.s strategic interests but with its identity. AUKUS is a pact described by the White House as binding Australia decisivelyto the United States and Great Britain for generations. This coalition, as John Blaxland wrote, puts more eggs in that basket, sending an even clearer signal that Canberra is investing in a strategic destiny tied to Washington.
The optics of AUKUS contrast with Canberras desire to expand its regional outreach. The governments 2020 defense strategic update clearly states an intent to deepen Australias alliance with the U.S.. But it also says Australia will prioritise [its] engagement and defence relationships with partners whose active roles in the region will be vital to regional security and stability, including Japan, India and Indonesia. Australias increasing appetite for greater Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) engagement as well as for trilateral groupings with India and Indonesia and with India and France (possibly awkward under a cooling-off period) suggested a posture leaning towards regional enmeshment and away from American dependence.
Despite concerns in Jakarta about appearing to contain China, the Quads inclusion of Japan and India render it a more credible grouping of Indo-Pacific states with, crucially, both Western and Asian representation. In some ways, AUKUS could become a necessary complement to regional strategic bonds like the Quad and the U.S.s bilateral alliances.
If optics matter, history does too. Certainly the U.K. has interests in the Indo-Pacific and is playing a more active role, particularly in the South China Sea. However, AUKUS feels like a throwback to the colonial era, when Great Britain held strong interests in the region via its colonies in South and Southeast Asia. There are benefits in keeping the U.K. engaged in the Indo-Pacific beyond the Five Power Defence Arrangements, yet from an Indonesian point of view, AUKUS risks entrenching even further a Western-dominated narrative about regional order, sidelining Asian states, especially Indonesia.
Since U.S. President Joe Biden took office, Indonesia hasnt received any official visits by high-level American officials, despite Vice President Kamala Harris traveling to Singapore and Vietnam in August and Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin visiting Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines in July. While Deputy Secretary of State Wendy Sherman dropped by Indonesia, Cambodia, and Thailand in May and June, the Jakarta Posts editorial team expressed disappointment in the two successive snubs. An unsocialized announcement that potentially heightens a sense of military competition in the region is certainly not going to ease these concerns of dismissive exclusion. In this Western-led vision of the Indo-Pacific, AUKUS unequivocally signals which relationships really matter for Australia.
While its early days for AUKUS, the pact will bring a number of key technological benefits for Australia in cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing, among others. And there is comfort in that.
However, its worth remembering that what helps some in Canberra sleep better may keep others in the region up at night.
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Australias nuclear submarines and AUKUS: The view from Jakarta - Brookings Institution
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Global Quantum Computing Market Analysis by Manufacturers/Players, by Product Type, Application, and Regions
Moreover, this report portrayed the primary product type, segments and sub-segments of the industry. This brief outline includes the business overview, revenue share, latest events, product offering, methods, and administration offering of the dominant players. An accurate appraisal of the leading organizations, together with their strategic aptitudes, containing innovation, cost, and consumer satisfaction have been included in this study report relating to themarket. The raw numbers incorporated into the worldwide Quantum Computing market report are included with the recognition and contribution from a global group of talented experts to give an up-to-date situation of the current advancements in the market.
The report provides comprehensive guidelines on the essential methodologies that have energized the market development nearby the technique that would be victorious in the expected time. The report also incorporates geographically of the Quantum Computing market as North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and the Asia Pacific.
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This intensive regional assessment provides the readers with a clear view of the most persuasive trends prevailing in each geographies area. Aside from this, the report additionally covers industry size and offers of these regions, together with expected measurements, which are useful for organizations in understanding the consumption growth of these regions. In addition, the worldwide Quantum Computing market is surveyed as far as income (USD Million) and volume.
The Global Quantum Computing Market divided by Product Type such as (Hardware, Software, Services). Further, this analysis report is segmented by Application/end users like (Simulation, Optimization, Sampling) based on historical and estimated industry share and compounded annual growth rate (CAGR in %) with sizeand Revenue (Million USD).
The analysis has utilized scientific instruments such as competitive overview helps and Porters Five Forces Analysis in translating the extent of strategies related to the usage in the global Quantum Computing market in the anticipated stage.
This Study Report Offers Following Objectives:
1. Forecast and analysis of the global Quantum Computing market sales, share, value, status (2016-2018) and forecast (2021-2026).2. Analyze the regionalas well as country level segments, share evolution for global Quantum Computing Market.3. Analysis of global industry-leading manufacturers/players.4. Define and analyze the market competition landscape, SWOT analysis.5. Forecasts and analysis of the segments, sub-segments and the regional markets based on the last of 5 years market history.6. Analysis of the Quantum Computing market by Type, by Application/end users and region wise.7. Forecast and analysis of the Global Quantum Computing Market Trends, Drivers, Investment Opportunities, Openings, Risk, Difficulties, and recommendations.8. Analyze the significant driving factors, trends that restrict the market growth.9. Describe the stakeholders opportunities in the market by identifying the high-growth segments.
There are 15 Key Chapters Covered in the Global Quantum Computing Market:
Chapter 1, Industry Overview of Global Quantum Computing Market;Chapter 2, Classification, Specifications and Definition of market segment by Regions;Chapter 3, Industry Suppliers, Manufacturing Process and Cost Structure, Chain Structure, Raw Material;Chapter 4, Specialized Information and Manufacturing Plants Analysis, Limit and Business Production Rate, Manufacturing Plants Distribution, R&D Status, and Technology Sources Analysis;Chapter 5, Complete Market Research, Capacity, Sales and Sales Price Analysis with Company Segment;Chapter 6, Analysis of Regional Market that contains the United States, Europe, India, China, Japan, Korea & Taiwan;Chapter 7 & 8, Quantum Computing Market Analysis by Major Manufacturers, The segment Market Analysis (by Type) and (by Application);Chapter 9, Regional Market Trend Analysis, Market Trend by Product Type and by Application:Chapter 10 & 11, Supply Chain Analysis, Regional Marketing Type Analysis, Global Trade Type Analysis;Chapter 12, The global Quantum Computing industry consumers Analysis;Chapter 13, Research Findings/Conclusion, deals channel, traders, distributors, dealers analysis;Chapter 14 and 15, Appendix and data source of Quantum Computing market.
Note In order to provide a more accurate market forecast, all our reports will be updated before delivery by considering the impact of COVID-19.(*If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.)
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Explore Trends and COVID-19 Impact on Quantum Computing Market 2021 Research Report and Industry Forecast till 2027 | Know More Stillwater Current -...
Research on Quantum Computing in Health Care Market 2021: By Growing Rate, Type, Applications, Geographical Regions, and Forecast to 2026 – Northwest…
The business intelligence report on Quantum Computing in Health Care market consists of vital data regarding the growth catalysts, restraints, and other expansion prospects that will influence the market dynamics during 2021-2026. Moreover, it delivers verifiable projections for through a comparative study of the past and present scenario. It claims that the Quantum Computing in Health Care market size is slated to expand with a CAGR of xx% during of the analysis timeline.
Executive summary
The study provides a detailed overview of the market segmentation and offers valuable insights pertaining to revenue prospects, sales, market share of each segment. It further incorporates an in-depth analysis of the competitive hierarchy while highlighting the major market players, as well as the emerging contenders and new entrants.
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Market analysis structure
Product terrain summary
Application spectrum review:
Competitive hierarchy overview:
Regional landscape outline
Research objectives
To study and analyze the global Quantum Computing in Health Care consumption (value & volume) by key regions/countries, type and application, history data from 2016 to 2020, and forecast to 2026.
To understand the structure of Quantum Computing in Health Care market by identifying its various subsegments.
Focuses on the key global Quantum Computing in Health Care manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
To analyze the Quantum Computing in Health Care with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.
To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).
To project the consumption of Quantum Computing in Health Care submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.
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Research on Quantum Computing in Health Care Market 2021: By Growing Rate, Type, Applications, Geographical Regions, and Forecast to 2026 - Northwest...
Atomically-Thin, Twisted Graphene Has Unique Properties That Could Advance Quantum Computing – SciTechDaily
New collaborative research describes how electrons move through two different configurations of bilayer graphene, the atomically-thin form of carbon. These results provide insights that researchers could use to design more powerful and secure quantum computing platforms in the future.
Researchers describe how electrons move through two-dimensional layered graphene, findings that could lead to advances in the design of future quantum computing platforms.
New research published in Physical Review Letters describes how electrons move through two different configurations of bilayer graphene, the atomically-thin form of carbon. This study, the result of a collaboration between Brookhaven National Laboratory, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of New Hampshire, Stony Brook University, and Columbia University, provides insights that researchers could use to design more powerful and secure quantum computing platforms in the future.
Todays computer chips are based on our knowledge of how electrons move in semiconductors, specifically silicon, says first and co-corresponding author Zhongwei Dai, a postdoc at Brookhaven. But the physical properties of silicon are reaching a physical limit in terms of how small transistors can be made and how many can fit on a chip. If we can understand how electrons move at the small scale of a few nanometers in the reduced dimensions of 2-D materials, we may be able to unlock another way to utilize electrons for quantum information science.
When a material is designed at these small scales, to the size of a few nanometers, it confines the electrons to a space with dimensions that are the same as its own wavelength, causing the materials overall electronic and optical properties to change in a process called quantum confinement. In this study, the researchers used graphene to study these confinement effects in both electrons and photons, or particles of light.
The work relied upon two advances developed independently at Penn and Brookhaven. Researchers at Penn, including Zhaoli Gao, a former postdoc in the lab of Charlie Johnson who is now at The Chinese University of Hong Kong, used a unique gradient-alloy growth substrate to grow graphene with three different domain structures: single layer, Bernal stacked bilayer, and twisted bilayer. The graphene material was then transferred onto a special substrate developed at Brookhaven that allowed the researchers to probe both electronic and optical resonances of the system.
This is a very nice piece of collaborative work, says Johnson. It brings together exceptional capabilities from Brookhaven and Penn that allow us to make important measurements and discoveries that none of us could do on our own.
The researchers were able to detect both electronic and optical interlayer resonances and found that, in these resonant states, electrons move back and forth at the 2D interface at the same frequency. Their results also suggest that the distance between the two layers increases significantly in the twisted configuration, which influences how electrons move because of interlayer interactions. They also found that twisting one of the graphene layers by 30 also shifts the resonance to a lower energy.
Devices made out of rotated graphene may have very interesting and unexpected properties because of the increased interlayer spacing in which electrons can move, says co-corresponding author Jurek Sadowski from Brookhaven.
In the future, the researchers will fabricate new devices using twisted graphene while also building off the findings from this study to see how adding different materials to the layered graphene structure impacts downstream electronic and optical properties.
We look forward to continuing to work with our Brookhaven colleagues at the forefront of applications of two-dimensional materials in quantum science, Johnson says.
Reference: Quantum-Well Bound States in Graphene Heterostructure Interfaces by Zhongwei Dai, Zhaoli Gao, Sergey S. Pershoguba, Nikhil Tiwale, Ashwanth Subramanian, Qicheng Zhang, Calley Eads, Samuel A. Tenney, Richard M. Osgood, Chang-Yong Nam, Jiadong Zang, A.T. Charlie Johnson and Jerzy T. Sadowski, 20 August 2021, Physical Review Letters.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.086805
The complete list of co-authors includes Zhaoli Gao (now at The Chinese University of Hong Kong), Qicheng Zhang, and Charlie Johnson from Penn; Zhongwei Dai, Nikhil Tiwale, Calley Eads, Samuel A. Tenney, Chang-Yong Nam, and Jerzy T. Sadowski from Brookhaven; Sergey S. Pershogub, and Jiadong Zang from the University of New Hampshire; Ashwanth Subramanian from Stony Brook University; and Richard M. Osgood from Columbia University.
Charlie Johnson is the Rebecca W. Bushnell Professor of Physics and Astronomy in the Department of Physics and Astronomy in the School of Arts & Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania.
This research was supported by National Science Foundation grants MRSEC DMR- 1720530 and EAGER 1838412. Brookhaven National Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energys Office of Science.
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Atomically-Thin, Twisted Graphene Has Unique Properties That Could Advance Quantum Computing - SciTechDaily
For The First Time, Scientists Have Entangled Three Qubits on Silicon – ScienceAlert
While quantum computers arealready here, they're very much limited prototypes for now.
It's going to take a while before they're fulfilling anything close to their maximum potential, and we can use them the way we do regular (classical) computers. That moment is now a little nearer though, as scientists have got three entangledqubitsoperating together on a single piece of silicon.
It's the first time that's ever been done, and the silicon material is important: that's what the electronics inside today's computers are based on, so it's another advancement in bridging the gap between the quantum and classical computing realms.
Qubits are the quantum equivalent of the standard bits inside a conventional computer: they can represent several states at once, not just a 1 or a 0, which in theory means an exponential increase in computing power.
The real magic happens when these qubits are entangled, or tightly linked together.
As well as increases in computing power, the addition of more qubits means better error correction a key part of keeping quantum computers stable enough to use them outside of research laboratories.
"Two-qubit operation is good enough to perform fundamental logical calculations," says quantum physicist Seigo Tarucha, from the Riken research institute in Japan.
"But a three-qubit system is the minimum unit for scaling up and implementing error correction."
Using silicon dots as the basis of their qubits means a high level of stability and control can be applied to them, the researchers say. Silicon also makes it more practical to scale these systems up, which is something the team is keen to do in the future.
The process involved entangling two qubits to begin with, in what's known as a two-qubit gate a standard building block of quantum computers. That gate was then combined with a third qubit with an impressively high fidelity of 88 percent (a measure of how reliable the system is).
Each of the quantum silicon dots holds a single electron, with its spin-up and spin-down states doing the encoding. The setup also included an integrated magnet, enabling each qubit to be controlled separately using a magnetic field.
On its own, this isn't going to suddenly put a quantum computer on our desks the setup still required ultra-cold temperatures to operate, for example but together with the other advancements we're seeing, it's undoubtedly a solid step forward.
What's more, the researchers think there's plenty more to come from quantum silicon dots linking together more and more qubits in the same circuit. Full-scale quantum computers could be closer than we think.
"We plan to demonstrate primitive error correction using the three-qubit device and to fabricate devices with ten or more qubits," says Tarucha.
"We then plan to develop 50 to 100 qubits and implement more sophisticated error-correction protocols, paving the way to a large-scale quantum computer within a decade."
The research has been published in Nature Nanotechnology.
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For The First Time, Scientists Have Entangled Three Qubits on Silicon - ScienceAlert
UChicago, Duality Teams to Pitch at 2021 Chicago Venture Summit – Polsky Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation – Polsky Center for…
Published on Tuesday, September 14, 2021
Several teams from the University of Chicago and Duality the worlds first accelerator focused exclusively on quantum technologies are pitching at the 2021 Chicago Venture Summit.
The venture capital conference takes place September 27-29 and brings together leading venture capital investors and innovation ecosystem leaders with founders.
>> Register for the Deep Tech Showcase, here.
Kicking off the conference on Monday, September 27, the Polsky Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation and Argonnes Chain Reaction Innovations program are hosting the 2021 Deep Tech Showcase as part of the larger event. The virtual showcase is from 2:00 to 3:30 p.m. (CST).
UChicago and Duality teams pitching include:
// AddGraft Therapeutics is developing a CRISPR-based therapeutic technology using skin cells to treat addiction. The researchers have developed a therapeutic platform that, through a one-time and first-of-its-kind treatment, will effectively cure someone of alcohol use disorder (AUD). The treatment is long-lasting, highly effective, and minimally invasive.
This is completed by using skin epidermal progenitor cells to deliver one or more therapeutic agents. First, the researchers harvest skin stem cells from an AUD patient and genetically modify them using a precise molecular scissor CRISPR. This process will introduce genes that can produce molecules that will significantly reduce the motivation to take or seek alcohol. Then, they re-implant these skin cells into the original host through a skin graft. After the graft has been re-implanted, the skin graft is able to produce these molecules as a bio engine throughout the lifetime of the graft.
Team members:
// Arrow Immuneis developing next-generation biologics for immuno-oncology in solid tumors. The company is developing protein engineering technology to retain IO molecules in the tumor microenvironment, both to function as monotherapies and to enhance response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy.
The company has developed a powerful approach to mask these compounds such that they are inactive in the periphery yet are activated within the tumor, to limit immune-related adverse events and open the therapeutic window.
Team members:
// Axion Technologies is a Tallahassee, FL-based company, developing a quantum random number generator for high-performance computing systems. Its design enables embedding of unique digital signatures for hardware authentication. The company has received a NSF SBIR award.
Team members:
// Esya Labs mission is the early, precise, and cost-effective detection of neurodegenerative diseases. Its first-in-class product for Alzheimers Diseasewill provide a 360-degree perspective enabling early diagnosis, a personalized treatment plan based on ranked drug effectiveness for any given patient, and monitoring disease progression.
The platform uses synthetic DNA strands that have been engineered to function in a specific way. These so-called DNA nanodevices are used to measure lysosomes performance by creating chemical maps of their activity a process that had previously not been possible. The company in
Team members:
// Nanopattern Technologies is commercializing a quantum dot ink that enables the manufacturing of the next generation of energy-efficient, bright, and fast refresh rate displays and recently received a $1 million NSF SBIR grant.
In addition to displays, NanoPatterns patented technology is capable of patterning oxide nanoparticles for optics applications and Near Infrared (NIR) quantum dots for multispectral sensor applications.
Team members:
// qBraid is developing a cloud-based platform for managed access to other quantum computing software and hardware. The platform includes qBraid Learn and qBraid Lab. qBraid Learn is ready to host any courses developed by the quantum computing ecosystem, but the team has also developed their own educational content. qBraid provides a streamlined experience for first-time learners through its QuBes (quantum beginners) course. Hosted on the qBraid-learn platform, QuBes brings students up to speed on all the background knowledge (mathematics, coding, and physics) necessary to then introduce quantum computing.
qBraid-Lab provides a cloud-based integrated development environment (IDE) for quantum software developers. Unlike other in-browser development platforms, qBraids ecosystem specifically optimizes for quantum computing by providing development environments with all common quantum computing packages pre-installed.
The platform is being used by more than 2500 users from top universities, financial institutions, and various national labs. qBraid has also announced recent collaborations with various government agencies (Quantum Algorithms Institute in British Columbia, the Chicago Quantum Exchange, and the QuSteam) in the US and Canada.
Team members:
// Quantopticon, based in the UK, develops software for simulating quantum-photonic devices. The software has applications chiefly in the budding fields of quantum computing and ultra-secure quantum communications.
Quantopticon specializes in modelling quantum systems of the solid-state type, which are commonly embedded in cavity structures in order to control and enhance specific optical transitions.Its software for modelling interactions of light with matter is underpinned by an original and proprietary general methodology developed by the team from first principles.
The purpose of their software is ultimately to save quantum-optical designers time and money, by eliminating the need to carry out repeated experiments to test and optimize physical prototypes.
Team members:
// Super.tech is developing software that accelerates quantum computing applications by optimizing across the system stack from algorithms to control pulses. The company in August announced the launch of a software platform endeavoring to make quantum computing commercially viable years sooner than otherwise possible.
The platform, calledSuperstaQ, connects applications to quantum computers from IBM Quantum, IonQ, and Rigetti, and optimizes software across the system stack to boost the performance of the underlying quantum computers.
Team members:
Of the teams presenting, Axion, qBraid, Quantopticon, and Super.tech were selected from a competitive pool of applicants from all over the globe and vetted by an internal review process to participate in Cohort 1 of Duality.
Launched in April 2021,Duality is the first-of-its-kind accelerator aimed at supporting next-generation startups focused on quantum science and technology. The 12-month program provides world-class business and entrepreneurship training from theUniversity of Chicago Booth School of Business, Polsky Center, and the opportunity to engage the networks, facilities, and programming from the Chicago Quantum Exchange, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Argonne National Laboratory, and P33.