This willcome as bad news if you're only just getting to grips with Python, but you should probably be thinking of adding quantum computing to your repertoire if you want to maintain your long term employability in finance. Both Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan have been investigating the application of quantum computers to their businesses, and many say it's less a question of if than whenquantum computing is more widely applied.

Both Google and IBM are competing for quantum leadership. Google declared that it had achieved 'quantum supremacy' last October,a claimpromptly disputed by IBM, which said that Google's assertion was misleading. IBM itself now has 18 quantum computersthatcan be accessed via the cloud and that are already used by JPMorgan to set derivatives prices. In a new report*, IBM researchers includingDaniel Egger, Claudio Gambella,Jakub Marecek,Scott McFaddin, and Martin Mevissenargue that this is just the start.

Over time, the researchers say banks will use quantum computers for everything from creating value at risk and liquidity coverage ratios to running simulations to enable more accurate calculations of net stable funding ratios and pricing financial instruments. In preparation for this future they suggest you familiarize yourself with the following six quantum algorithms.

1. The Variational Quantum Eigensolver

The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) is used for optimization applications. It harnesses energy states to calculate the function of the variables it needs to optimize and is good whenstandard computers struggle due to the intensity of the computing required. In financial services, IBM says the VQE can be used in portfolio optimization. The only problem is that the number of qubits you need increases signficantly withproblem size.

2. The Quantum Approximate Optimization

TheQuantum Approximate Optimization is used to optimize combined problems and tond solutions to problems with complex constraints. IBM says it can be combined with VQE forportfolio optimization.

3. TheQuantum Amplitude Estimator

TheQuantum Amplitude Estimator(QAE) is used in simulations, optimizations and machine learning. It allows users to create simulation scenarios by estimating an unknown property in the style of the Monte Carlo method. Instead of simple samplying random distributions, the QAE can handle them directly and this dramatically speeds up simulation time. In finance, it can be used for option pricing, portfolio risk calculations,issuance auctions, anti-money laundering operations and identifying fraud.

4.Quantum Support Vector Machines

Quantum support vector machines (QSVM) applysupervised machine learning to high dimensional problem sets. Used for financial forecasting, they map data into a 'quantum-enhanced feature space' that enables the separation of data points and improvedforecastaccuracy.

5. Harrow, Hassidim, and Lloyd

Harrow, Hassidim, and Lloyd (HHL) is used for optimization and machine learning and enables better measurement of large linear systems by exponentially speeding up calculations. It can be used for credit scoring.

6.Quantum Semidenite Programming

Quantum Semidefinite Programming (QDSP) is used to optimize a linear objective over a set of positive semi-denite matrices. It can be used for portfolio diversification and "exponentially" speeds-up calculations when there are particular constraints.

As the financial services industry is subject to the combined demands of, "sophisticated risk analysis, dynamic client management, constant updates to market volatility, and faster transaction speeds," IBM's researchers predict quantum algorithms are primed for take-off. Now might be a good time to start familiarizing yourself with how they work.

*Quantum computing for Finance: state of the art and future prospects

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Six things you need to learn about quantum computing in finance - eFinancialCareers

Viewpoint by Marshall Auerback and Jan Ritch-Frel

Marshall Auerback is a market analyst and commentator and Jan Ritch-Frel the executive director of the Independent Media Institute. This article was produced by Economy for All, a project of the Independent Media Institute.

NEW YORK (IDN) Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers has recently conceded: "In general, economic thinking has privileged efficiency over resilience, and it has been insufficiently concerned with the big downsides of efficiency." Policy across the globe is therefore moving in a more overtly nationalistic direction to rectify this shortcoming.

COVID-19 has accelerated a process that was well underway before it, spreading beyond U.S.-China-EU trade negotiations and into the world's 50 largest economies. As much as many defenders of the old order lament this trend, it is as significant a shift as the dawn of the World Trade Organization (WTO) global trade era.

Economists, politicians, and leading pundits are often tempted to see new economic patterns through the prisms of the past; we are therefore likely to hear that we're back in an era of 19th-century mercantilism, or 1970s-style stagflation. But that misses the momentthe motives are different, and so are the outcomes.

What we are experiencing is the realization by state planners of developed countries that new technologies enable a rapid ability to expand or initiate new and profitable production capacity closer to or inside their own markets. The cost savings in transport, packaging and security and benefits to regional neighbors and these countries' domestic workforces will increasingly compete with the price of goods produced through the current internationalized trade system. U.S. national politicians from President Trump to Senator Elizabeth Warren will be joined by a growing chorus who see the long-term domestic political benefit of supporting this transition.

The combination of high-speed communication, advances in automated manufacturing and computing combined with widespread access to the blueprints and information necessary to kick-start new production capacity increasingly makes the current international network of supply chains resemble a Rube Goldberg contraption, and it lightens the currency outflow challenge that many economies have had to deal with for the past seven decades.

Growing political will to restore manufacturing capacity in the national interest will have a shattering effect on countries that built up their economies through a labor price advantage over the past 40 years. No amount of currency depreciation or product dumping can overcome the reality of a country's foreign customer base suddenly opting to produce and buy their own goods at competitive prices.

Taken in sum, the transformation underway isn't just Donald Trump demanding less dependency on China's production capacityit's a global process. It's also India signaling it's going to try to strike its own technological path away from China.

New Patterns of Production

There's a lot of froth in moments like these, where old patterns continue at the same time new ones emerge. Factories are still closing in the United States on the NAFTA continuumno punishment for leaving and good incentives to leave; in many respects, it's because the corporations are part of the same old regime.

But look at sectors of the more advanced economy, and the green shoots and stalks of a new era are quite visible.

There is a cascade of new production in the United Statesnot the familiar announcements of new data centers, warehousing and logistics centers, but rather the production of high-tech goods and essential restoration of hard infrastructure that one might expect of a more self-reliant economy.

The news website Area Development is as good a radar screen for this process as any. There one can find a running spigot of news items like a new "500,000-square-foot research, development and production center [in Texas] to create electric motors for industries as diverse as electric vehicles, robotics, HVAC, and last-mile micromobility," or a restoration and upgrade of Newport News, Virginia's dockyards.

The rationales provided by governments to escape the strictures of the existing trade arrangements and into the new era are fairly easy: a mix of opportunism and need tied to the exigencies of the moment, such as the current pandemic, and long-term national security, which of course can ultimately amount to any economic activity of scope.

Senator Elizabeth Warren's introduction in July of her sweeping Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Defense and Enhancement Act demonstrates that the U.S. power establishment is beginning to reach a consensus on this issueno longer the sole province of Trump-era nationalist. "To defeat the current COVID-19 crisis and better equip the United States against future pandemics, we must boost our country's manufacturing capacity," Warren said, recasting the consequences of decades of policy to offshore our economic production as an "overreliance on foreign countries."

The government of Japan's newly defined restrictions on foreign investment as reported by the Financial Times of around a dozen sectors including "power generation, military equipment, [computer] software [and technology]" in effect prioritize the claims of domestic manufacturers on national security grounds.

Of course, the Japanese authorities have crafted these restrictions on the vague grounds of "national security," which is likely to take on a substantially different meaning in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic. Hence, the country is unlikely to face any serious challenge from other WTO members. And it is through that rather simple justification that we can expect a general reshaping of international trade relations and the array of supply chains.

The government of Australia has likewise outlined new powers to scrutinize new overseas investment, as well as forcing foreign companies to sell their assets if they pose a national security threat. The proposals come in the wake of an intensifying trade war between the governments of Beijing and Canberra, alongside "a dramatic increase in the number of foreign investment bids probed by Australia's spy agency ASIO, over fears that China was spying on sensitive health data," according to news.com.au.

This is happening at the same time that there has been an overhaul of thought with regard to manufacturing, something Australia hasn't typically done much of. The headlines from Australia are beginning to look a lot like the Area Development stories in the United States.

The Canadian government has also announced plans to enhance foreign investment scrutiny "related to public health or critical supply chains during the pandemic, as well as any investment by state-owned companies or by investors with close ties to foreign governments," according to the Globe and Mail.

This attempt to disaggregate beneficial foreign investment flows from those deemed contrary to the national interest used to be a common feature of government policy in the post-World War II period. Canada established the Foreign Investment Review Agency in 1973 as a result of mounting concerns about rising overseas investment, notably the domination of U.S. multinationals, in the Canadian economy. Its provisions were repeatedly downgraded as globalization pressures intensified, but its value is now being reassessed for compatibility with national health policy and resiliency in manufacturing chains. Predictably, pharmaceutical independence is high on the list.

Taiwan, "a net importer of surgical masks before the pandemic, [has] created an onshore mask-manufacturing industry in just a month after registering its first infections in January," reports the Financial Times. "Taiwan's President Tsai Ing-wen said Taipei would repeat that approach to foster other new industries." And world economists have noted that Taiwan and Vietnam lead the world in growth of global market share in exports, at the expense of larger economies like China.

In Europe, the EU leadership is publicly indicating a policy of subsidy and state investment in companies to prevent Chinese buyouts or "undercutting prices." This was supposed to represent a cross-European effort, but the coronavirus policy response is increasingly driven at the national level. Consequently, it is starting to fracture the EU's single market, which has long been constructed on an intricate network of cross-border supply chains and strict rules preventing state subsidies to national champions.

The French government under President Emmanuel Macron has increasingly invoked the spirit of Charles De Gaulle in lieu of French industrialist Jean Monnet, considered as one of the founding fathers of today's European Union. Corporate France has taken heed: In response to French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire's rallying cry to the nation's supermarkets this past March to "Stock French products," according to France 24, "French supermarket chain Carrefour has already moved to source 95 percent of its fruits and vegetables from within" the country, which by the way is a fundamental logic of any serious environmental agenda. According to Coalition for a Prosperous America, "Le Maire [also] cited pharmaceuticals, the automotive sector, and aerospace as three economic sectors where France needs to reassert sovereignty, i.e., make more products in France.

Going further in a national TV interview, the finance minister said "that it was unacceptable for France to rely on China and South Korea for 80 percent of its electric battery supply, praising a new France-based battery-making facility that would come onstream in 2022. He praised French drugmaker Sanofi for saying recently that it intends to re-localize' some of its production back to France."

President Macron himself has likewise reaffirmed a goal for France to ensure the nation's "health sovereignty" after the coronavirus exposed the reliance of his country on imported medical supplies. According to a recent Reuters report, France's "Agriculture Minister, Didier Guillaume, told political news channel Public Senat that while France could not be self-sufficient in all food products, it would look at being more autonomous in areas such as plant protein."

Even Germany, with a vibrant export sector that has long made it a beneficiary of globalization, has also signaled a move toward greater economic nationalism. In a recent interview with Der Spiegel (cited in Reuters), the country's economy minister, Peter Altmaier, "said he wanted to support pharmaceuticals companies that are dependent for key reagents on imports from Asia to rebuild their production sites in Europe."

In broader terms, part of the government's overall response to the COVID-19 pandemic has featured 400 billion in state guarantees to underwrite the debts of companies affected by the turmoil. A goal of this package is to prevent a "bargain sale of German economic and industrial interests," Altmaier was quoted in MarketWatch.

Economic nationalist considerations are also driving a shift in Britain's negotiating stance in the current Brexit trade negotiations with the EU, with the UK clearly prioritizing national sovereignty over frictionless free trade with its former single-market partners, even if that means a so-called "Hard Brexit."

The EU's single-market rules specifically preclude state aid to specific industries if it undermines the operation of the single market. But the UK's chief negotiating officer, David Frost, has made it clear that the ability to break free from the EU's rulebook was essential to the purpose of Brexit, even if that meant reverting to the less favorable WTO trade relationship that exists for other non-EU countries.

In the words of columnist James Forsyth of the Spectator, EU laws on the single market "[deny] to member states what one cabinet minister refers to as the geostrategic premium' of encouraging domestic production of personal protective equipment. In the single market, the NHS cannot buy solely from British suppliers to try to build up a domestic manufacturing base; it has to accept bids from any company based in the EU."

Economic Nationalism and the New Geopolitics

Over the past 40 years, this kind of overt economic nationalism, especially as it has pertained to domestic manufacturing capabilities, has generally been eschewed by the United States, at least until the ascension of Donald Trump to the White House. In part, this is a product of the fact that as global hegemon, the United States used to be able to dominate global institutions (such as the International Monetary Fund and the WTO) and shape them toward U.S. national interests. But when necessary, national security considerations have intervened.

Sematech, a government-industry consortium, was created in the 1980s to successfully revitalize the American semiconductor industry, after the Pentagon deemed this to be a strategically key industry that should not leave the United States exposed to the vagaries of foreign manufacturers. The Sematech consortium has represented a great success in national industrial planning, as it enabled the United States to re-establish its global dominance in high-end semiconductor production and design.

More recently, national security considerations in the semiconductor industry have again revived in the wake of the Trump administration's growing dispute with Chinese 5G telecommunications equipment maker Huawei. The U.S. Commerce Department has now mandated that all semiconductor chip manufacturers using U.S. equipment, IP, or design software will require a license before shipping to Huawei.

This decision has forced the world's biggest chipmakerTaiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) to stop taking fresh orders from Huawei, as it uses U.S. equipment in its own manufacturing processes. Paradoxically, then, the Trump administration has exploited pre-existing global supply linkages in the furtherance of a more robust form of economic nationalism. The same policy attitude is now visible with regard to pharmaceuticals (as it is in other parts of the world, to the likely detriment of China and India).

A shift like this will have a knock-on effect that will reverberate to the other parts of the world that for centuries have been forcibly limitedby arms and financeto being sources of raw material export, refined if they were lucky. They will watch closely what happens with Australia, which for the majority of the past 150 years has been an exporter of food and minerals, but is now jumping on the project to establish a national manufacturing base.

As dozens of countries build their own manufacturing basesomething only a handful of countries controlled for most of modern historybig questions will emerge about geopolitical stabilization and the classical tools of foreign influence. The world today in some respects resembles the 19th century's balance-of-power politics, even as the majority of countries understand that some minimal level of state collaboration is essential to combat shared challenges.

China is party to a growing number of global disputes, as emerging great powers typically experience: the U.S. vs. China, China vs. India, Japan vs. China, China vs. Australia, and the EU vs. China. But hot wars are unlikely to feature as prominently as they did two centuries ago.

Expect to see Cold War-style conflict intensify, however, albeit in new forms. Instead of the old geopolitical arenas including access to vital commodities or stable petroleum markets, the new forms of the competition will put greater weight on access to advanced research and technologies, such as the collection, transfer and storage of data and the quantum computing power to process it.

The speed at which global supply chains can potentially shift to accommodate the rise in economic nationalism is considerable. The success with which we manage the transition will largely settle the debate as to whether it is in fact the better path to greater prosperity and global stability. [IDN-InDepthNews 04 July 2020]

Image credit: Caribbean News Global (CGN)

IDN is flagship agency of the Non-profit International Press Syndicate.

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There's a Hidden Economic Trendline That Is Shattering the Global Trade System - IDN InDepthNews | Analysis That Matters

For the widest possible and mobile Internet coverage, wireless communications are essential. But due to the open nature of wireless transmissions, information security is a unique issue of challenge. The widely deployed methods for information security are based on digital encryption, which in turn requires two or more legitimate parties to share a secret key.

The distribution of a secrecy key via zero-distance physical contact is inconvenient in general and impossible in situations where too little time is available. The conventional solution to this challenge is to use the public-key infrastructure, or PKI, for secret key distribution. Yet, PKI is based on computational hardness of factoring, for example, which is known to be increasingly threatened by quantum computing. Some predictions suggest that such a threat could become a reality within 15 years.

In order to provide Internet coverage for every possible spot on the planet, such as remote islands and mountains, a low-orbiting satellite communication network is rapidly being developed. A satellite can transmit or receive streams of digital information to or from terrestrial stations. But the geographical exposure of these streams is large and easily prone to eavesdropping. For applications such as satellite communications, how can we guarantee information security even if quantum computers become readily available in the near future?

Yingbo Huas Lab of Signals, Systems and Networks in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, which has been supported in part by Army, has aimed to develop reliable and secure transmission, or RESET, schemes for future wireless networks. RESET guarantees that the secret information is not only received reliably by legitimate receiver but also secure from eavesdropper with any channel superiority.

In particular, Huas Lab has developed a physical layer encryption method that could be immune to the threat of quantum computing. They are actively engaged in further research of this and other related methods.

For the physical layer encryption proposed by Huas lab, only partial information is extracted from randomized matrices such as the principal singular vector of each matrix modulated by secret physical feature approximately shared by legitimate parties. The principal singular vector of a matrix is not a reversible function of the matrix. This seems to suggest that a quantum computer is unable to perform a task that is rather easy on a classical computer. If this is true, then the physical layer encryption should be immune from attacks via quantum computing. Unlike the number theory based encryption methods which are vulnerable to quantum attacks, Huas physical layer encryption is based on continuous encryption functions that are still yet to be developed.

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Better encryption for wireless privacy at the dawn of quantum computing - UC Riverside

SANTA FE, N.M.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The Shared Assessments Program today released a new briefing paper, The Role of ERM in Managing Risks Related to New Technologies. This collaborative, member-driven effort examines the challenges that come with significant technology shifts, such as IoT, AI, 5G and the encryption issues related to quantum computing.

Technology advances can fuel heightened productivity, important product development and enhance the ability to meet business objectives. Yet, along with these benefits, technology often introduces new risks. An incomplete understanding of those risks can lead to material consequences. The paper highlights the key role the board and C-suite should play in helping to recognize and respond to the risks that emerging technology presents.

Its important for Boards to ensure that a systemic process exists for recognizing and maximizing outcomes from new technologies. Executive management should evaluate whether appropriate structures and resources are in place to understand both opportunities and significant risks associated with emerging technologies, and where gaps exist, close them, notes Gary Roboff, Senior Advisor at the Shared Assessments Program.

Key practices that should be implemented when planning and adopting new technologies include:

Both internally and with third parties, the paper delves into challenges and opportunities of each of the four most significant emerging technologies. Appropriate actions include:

While specific emerging technologies each represent some level of risk, the interdependencies and cumulative effect of these technologies when integrated can present a significant increase in risk to an enterprise. A clear example is the current IoT environment, which will become a more powerful and capable technology once leveraging 5G and, in the process, yield a more formidable risk challenge for all organizations, said Shawn Malone, Founder & CEO, Security Diligence, LLC.

The briefing paper and companion executive summary can be downloaded at: https://sharedassessments.org/blog/the-role-of-erm/.

About the Shared Assessments Program

As the only organization that has uniquely positioned and developed standardized resources to bring efficiencies to the market for more than a decade, the Shared Assessments Program has become the trusted source in third party risk assurance. Shared Assessments offers opportunities for members to address global risk management challenges through committees, awareness groups, interest groups and special projects.

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Paper Outlines the Role of ERM in Managing Risks Related to New Technologies - Business Wire

This article originally appeared in May's edition of IT Pro 20/20,available here. To sign up to receive each new issue in your inbox, click here.

While the world grapples with the fallout of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and the shift to mass remote working also dubbed the distributed workplace other trends are bubbling under the surface. The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in businesses of all stripes is no secret, but there are another three technologies distributed ledger, extended reality, and quantum computing that are becoming increasingly influential as well.

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While SMAC Social, Mobile, Analytics, and Cloud has already changed the relationships service providers have with their customers over the course of recent years, DARQ, as these newer technologies are collectively known, looks set to become even more transformative.

With all these technologies, and AI in particular, becoming mainstream, do we need a new form of regulation to ensure DARQ technologies are used legally, fairly and ethically?

The digital change is not wafting like a gentle summer breeze over the beaches of Malta, says Felix Hufeld, president of the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority. Its sweeping over the industry like a storm and is shaking up business models, companies and even entire markets.

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Regulators have already seen the rapid growth of FinTech, with new companies innovating outside of traditional banking and financial services. This has raised concerns that their regulatory regimes wont be able to keep up with the pace of development.

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Here, some form of automation could deliver a regulatory environment fit for a world dominated by DARQ technologies. A late-2019 survey carried out by the Bank of England and Financial Conduct Authority found 57% of regulated services use AI for risk management and compliance.

Susannah Hammond, senior regulatory intelligence expert at Thomson Reuters, tells IT Pro: Traditionally, regulators [of financial services and data protection technologies] have sought to be technology-neutral when it comes to their rules and requirements, and have focused on the outcomes of the use of any technologies.

The emphasis is on senior managers understanding the new technologies, their limitations, any new risks which may arise (e.g. bias in machine learning, etc.) and the checks and balances to ensure that the technology is, in practice, working as intended. Equally, there is a focus on the resilience of IT infrastructures both in terms of ensuring good customer outcomes and cyber hygiene.

Go digital to meet todays critical compliance and security requirements

Digital transformation helps companies meet critical compliance and security requirements

DARQ offers businesses the tools they need to develop new personalised experiences for their customers. Each element of DARQ will independently usher in new opportunities and ways of working, but it's the convergence of these technologies that really drives innovation what Accenture called the reimagining of entire industries. Indeed, according to Accenture 89% of businesses are already experimenting with one or more DARQ technologies. For example, Volkswagen is using quantum computers to develop intelligent traffic guidance systems.

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Using AI as a component of service automation for instance, opens up questions of accuracy and accountability. At the moment, the focus is on financial services as they expand and accelerate their use of technologies such as machine learning and biometric identification to combat fraud. When other DARQ technologies are added to the mix, this heady cocktail of data becomes difficult to police. Here, RegTech (Regulation Technology) could offer a solution.

The RegTech industry is expanding. According to KPMG, RegTechs predicted share of all regulatory spending by 2022 will reach 34%, with the management consultancy defining RegTech 3.0 as a move from know your customer to know your data. This shift is critical to understand as all of the DARQ technologies are developing to create highly personalised services all of which will need a degree of regulation.

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The initial focus has been on how technologies such as AI are being applied to financial services and the businesses that supply them. RegTech, though, is expected to increase in importance as regulators realise they need new platforms to ensure DARQ technologies remain compliant.

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With regards to AI or quantum, regulations will be crucial for the wider adoption of these technologies as they will provide protection to consumers. This will allow the public to trust that they can safely rely upon these services, explains Benot Sauvage, director of regulatory strategy at Deloitte.

The main issue is that regulations do not yet fully comprehend these technologies. For instance, for AI, it is expected that regulations demand to explain the algorithms and show how results can be overridden or stopped. For quantum there might be a need to adapt cybersecurity rules and data protection rules, he adds.

Businesses and regulators alike are considering how automated systems could help them keep pace with the technological change that will only accelerate when DARQ is considered.

Removing human compliance officers from the decision-making processes is risky, as many of the DARQ technologies are often a black box. RegTech will evolve and become an essential tool. Compliance officers will have little choice than to use these systems if they are to understand the avalanche of regulation that DARQ will attract and how these regulations impact their businesses.

Businesses are striving to implement more automation and DARQ will help them achieve those goals. However, these technologies can seem opaque to the uninitiated and how machine language systems arrive at a conclusion must be explainable. Here, ensuring bias isnt present in the system is vital and must contain some form of oversight.

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However, as Franois-Kim Hug, a partner at Deloitte tells IT Pro, its important not to forget the importance of human input.

The advent of RegTech does not mean the end of the compliance officer, Hug explains. We are still far from a global compliance solution that can anticipate, understand, interpret and implement the ongoing avalanche of regulations impacting all businesses. This means the profile of compliance officers will need to adjust to this new digital reality where new solutions and new ways of working are created daily.

All of the DARQ technologies are on an accelerating upward trajectory, although not all of them will develop at the same pace. Already we see the first widespread applications of AI particularly machine learning whereas other components of the DARQ collective, such as quantum computing, are still in their infancy.

As such, regulators will move forward with defining the compliance regime DARQ must be used within as each component becomes more mainstream and begins to impact consumers.

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For businesses, while most recognise the massive impact SMAC has had, they may not be aware of DARQ or know that its impact could be even more disruptive. Once they wake up to this reality, their development roadmap should come into focus as soon as possible and they can start taking their first steps in using these technologies.

Regulators will, as always, be watching and RegTech could deliver a helpful dose of automated compliance. But that doesnt mean its time to say goodbye to your human compliance officers they will have a vital role to play as we start to more confidently explore the DARQ.

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Is IT regulation in the DARQ? - IT PRO