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Quantum Entanglement Is the Strangest Phenomenon in Physics, But What Is It? – HowStuffWorks

It took until the 1960s before there were any clues to an answer. John Bell, a brilliant Irish physicist who did not live to receive the Nobel Prize, devised a scheme to test whether the notion of hidden variables made sense.

Bell produced an equation now known as Bell's inequality that is always correct and only correct for hidden variable theories, and not always for quantum mechanics. Thus, if Bell's equation was found not to be satisfied in a real-world experiment, local hidden variable theories can be ruled out as an explanation for quantum entanglement.

The experiments of the 2022 Nobel laureates, particularly those of Alain Aspect, were the first tests of the Bell inequality. The experiments used entangled photons, rather than pairs of an electron and a positron, as in many thought experiments. The results conclusively ruled out the existence of hidden variables, a mysterious attribute that would predetermine the states of entangled particles. Collectively, these and many follow-up experiments have vindicated quantum mechanics. Objects can be correlated over large distances in ways that physics before quantum mechanics cannot explain.

Importantly, there is also no conflict with special relativity, which forbids faster-than-light communication. The fact that measurements over vast distances are correlated does not imply that information is transmitted between the particles. Two parties far apart performing measurements on entangled particles cannot use the phenomenon to pass along information faster than the speed of light.

Today, physicists continue to research quantum entanglement and investigate potential practical applications. Although quantum mechanics can predict the probability of a measurement with incredible accuracy, many researchers remain skeptical that it provides a complete description of reality. One thing is certain, though. Much remains to be said about the mysterious world of quantum mechanics.

Andreas Muller is an associate professor of physics at the University of South Florida. He receives funding from the National Science Foundation.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. You can find the original article here.

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Quantum Entanglement Has Now Been Directly Observed at The Macroscopic Scale – ScienceAlert

Quantum entanglement is the binding together of two particles or objects, even though they may be far apart their respective properties are linked in a way that's not possible under the rules of classical physics.

It's a weird phenomenon that Einstein described as "spooky action at a distance", but its weirdness is what makes it so fascinating to scientists. In a 2021 study, quantum entanglement was directly observed and recorded at the macroscopic scale a scale much bigger than the subatomic particles normally associated with entanglement.

The dimensions involved are still very small from our perspective the experiments involved two tiny aluminum drums one-fifth the width of a human hair but in the realm of quantum physics they're absolutely huge.

"If you analyze the position and momentum data for the two drums independently, they each simply look hot," said physicist John Teufel, from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the US, last year.

"But looking at them together, we can see that what looks like random motion of one drum is highly correlated with the other, in a way that is only possible through quantum entanglement."

While there's nothing to say that quantum entanglement can't happen with macroscopic objects, before this it was thought that the effects weren't noticeable at larger scales or perhaps that the macroscopic scale was governed by another set of rules.

The recent research suggests that's not the case. In fact, the same quantum rules apply here, too, and can actually be seen as well. Researchers vibrated the tiny drum membranes using microwave photons and kept them kept in a synchronized state in terms of their position and velocities.

To prevent outside interference, a common problem with quantum states, the drums were cooled, entangled, and measured in separate stages while inside a cryogenically chilled enclosure. The states of the drums are then encoded in a reflected microwave field that works in a similar way to radar.

Previous studies had also reported on macroscopic quantum entanglement, but the 2021 research went further: All of the necessary measurements were recorded rather than inferred, and the entanglement was generated in a deterministic, non-random way.

In a related but separate series of experiments, researchers also working with macroscopic drums (or oscillators) in a state of quantum entanglement have shown how it's possible to measure the position and momentum of the two drumheads at the same time.

"In our work, the drumheads exhibit a collective quantum motion," said physicist Laure Mercier de Lepinay, from Aalto University in Finland. "The drums vibrate in an opposite phase to each other, such that when one of them is in an end position of the vibration cycle, the other is in the opposite position at the same time."

"In this situation, the quantum uncertainty of the drums' motion is canceled if the two drums are treated as one quantum-mechanical entity."

What makes this headline news is that it gets around Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle the idea that position and momentum can't be perfectly measured at the same time. The principle states that recording either measurement will interfere with the other through a process called quantum back action.

As well as backing up the other study in demonstrating macroscopic quantum entanglement, this particular piece of research uses that entanglement to avoid quantum back action essentially investigating the line between classical physics (where the Uncertainty Principle applies) and quantum physics (where it now doesn't appear to).

One of the potential future applications of both sets of findings is in quantum networks being able to manipulate and entangle objects on a macroscopic scale so that they can power next-generation communication networks.

"Apart from practical applications, these experiments address how far into the macroscopic realm experiments can push the observation of distinctly quantum phenomena," write physicists Hoi-Kwan Lau and Aashish Clerk, who weren't involved in the studies, in a commentary on the research published at the time.

Both the first and the second study were published in Science.

A version of this article was first published in May 2021.

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The sparks that ignited curiosity: How quantum researchers found their path – EurekAlert

The Quantum Systems Accelerator (QSA) assembles a broad breadth of talent from 15 member institutions, many of whom have pioneered todays quantum information science (QIS) and technology capabilities. QSA is a National QIS Research Center funded by the United States Department of Energy Office of Science. In celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month in the U.S., five researchers affiliated with QSA shared what first sparked their interest in quantum physics. Perhaps, more importantly, they all stressed the importance of being attentive to the tiny sparks of curiosity, which might come from the unlikeliest sources of inspiration: a university lecture, a chance encounter with a professor, or a book.

Ana Maria Rey

Adjoint Professor, University of Colorado BoulderJILA Fellow, NIST Fellow

Ana Maria Rey, a world-renowned theoretical physicist from Bogota, Colombia, has built a prolific career for over two decades. Reys research in atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics contributed to the most accurate atomic clock ever developed. She continues to advance the techniques for controlling quantum systems in novel ways and applying them to quantum simulations, information, and metrology.

Reys prominence in pushing the boundaries of theoretical physics has earned her several prestigious accolades, such as the MacArthur Fellowship and Presidential Early Career Award in 2013. In addition, Rey is the first Hispanic woman to win the Blavatnik National Award for Young Scientists in 2019. However, her early journey in physics met an unlikely source of resistance: her family.

My fascination with physics began in high school in Colombia, thanks to a physics teacher who promoted my initial interest in using mathematical formulas to describe nature. There were few professional opportunities for the field at that time, so my parents opposed me pursuing a career in physics, said Rey.

Despite her parents objections, Rey majored in physics as an undergraduate at the Universidad de Los Andes and pursued a focus in non-linear optics and general relativity. Rey had a clear idea of what she thought she wanted to specialize in for her doctorate at the University of Maryland, but a lecture changed her direction.

I wanted to continue studying non-linear optics, but at that time, the atomic physics that we do now was not popular. It was just starting to mature. So, for the Ph.D. program, I was offered a fellowship to study non-linear equations in plasma, which was the closest thing to non-linear optics. During my studies, though, I was struck by a lecture by Bill Phillips, Nobel Prize in Physics. As Phillips explained how he manipulated cold atoms with lasers, I changed what I wanted to do, she said.

Reys research has been cited thousands of times in the scientific literature. She believes there are transferable methods and techniques across different quantum technologies.

She explained:

The concepts to model a quantum system can be applied globally in different disciplines or help establish a synergy between the theories connecting completely different experiments. So, for example, even though you are talking about the same models or Hamiltonians, the language you use from one technology to another is different. Generally, this language barrier is often reduced simply by collaborating and studying systems and mathematical techniques to connect different regimes and develop unifying ways to explain specific behaviors.

Pablo Poggi

Research Assistant Professor, University of New Mexico

Born and raised in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Pablo Poggi is a theoretical physicist specializing in quantum control methods to counteract and tailor unwanted noise, environmental effects, and errors in quantum devices and atomic systems. He studies the commonalities shared by different quantum technologies and develops hardware-agnostic, unified theoretical models to build, run, and benchmark quantum simulation devices.

Poggi notes that a high school physics teacher was pivotal in encouraging him to study relativity and quantum mechanics. Nurturing a love for math and its connection with physics early on, Poggi undertook his undergraduate and doctorate degrees at the Universidad de Buenos Aires, one of Latin Americas largest and most prominent public research universities.

Latin America has a robust and important academic tradition. I was very exposed to state-of-the-art quantum physics science at my university because many groups were working on this. However, I did my doctorate in a somewhat risky way because I had no contact with any experimental group. And when I had to define which specific quantum technology to specialize in, I decided to take an alternative. That is, to learn a little about all the general and unified methods that would apply to several technologies. And that was very useful to me in my work in the U.S., said Poggi.

Poggi moved to the U.S. to first work as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of New Mexico. Hes been a research assistant professor and QSA collaborator since 2020.

Noting the difference in approaching problems and experiments in QSAs collaborative ecosystem, Poggi said: In college, I was always used to working alone or in compact groups putting together a vision to publish or highlight results in a conference or workshop, maybe once a year. In contrast, thanks to the frequent meetings and exchanges with QSA partner institutions, I am up to date with the critical questions and advances in the field quickly and immediately.

Sergio Cantu

Research Fellow, MITResearch Scientist, QuEra Computing Inc.

Sergio Cantu is an experimental physicist specializing in atomic physics and quantum optics. During his doctorate studies, Cantu was a National Science Foundation graduate research fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). As part of his student fellowship, Cantu participated in QSA-funded research at MIT by using Rydberg atoms in a tightly focused optical trap to to study how photon-photon interactions can be used to generate new quantum light states for quantum information processing. In addition to continuing to contribute to QSA research at MIT, Cantu also works at QuEra Computing. This Boston-basedquantum computingstartup evolved from the leading-edge research in neutral atoms at MIT and Harvard University. El Mundo Boston named Cantu as one of the 30 under 30 most influential Latino leaders thanks to his work inspiring young generations of scientists in underrepresented communities.

What I like the most about my work is when I do experiments. You can do the theoretical research, but the atoms, and in my case, light, will always show you if your assumptions are correct. Atoms are more unbiased, and because they are such a basic thing that we see every day, understanding that dynamic has always fascinated me, said Cantu

His passion for studying atoms and light using the laws of quantum mechanics dates back to his undergraduate years at the University of Texas at Brownsville, close to the border with Mexico. Cantu was one of the few students in his community pursuing degrees in math and physics.

The journey was more or less a gamble. When I was accepted into an optics laboratory at the university, where I only worked with lasers, I thought this was like magic. But as I continued studying, quantum physics caught my attention, he said.

Cantu mentioned how QSAs organizational structure has allowed him to quickly raise questions to other experts in different areas at partner institutions for potential experimental overlap. Furthermore, being part of industry, Cantu also recognizes a tipping point in the fields growth, where engineering systems and assessing scalability come into greater focus.

In a laboratory, I believe that the experiments are still constructed in a half Frankenstein-fashion with inherent fragility. But when conducting experiments and engineering prototypes as industry, you have to interact with vendors and consider other factors of production, said Cantu.

Elmer Guardado-Sanchez

Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard University

Mexican-born experimental physicist Elmer Guardado-Sanchez is happiest when hes fabricating quantum systems to test novel research ideas. Currently a postdoc at Harvard University, Guardado explores ways to build quantum processors by integrating Rydberg arrays of single atoms in optical tweezers with optical cavities.

What excites me the most when studying something I dont yet understand is the moment I first realize why our measurements might look the way they look and why it happens in a particular way. In other words, I build these complex systems that, due to the simple fact of their level of complexity, are going to exhibit different effects that are sometimes not expected, said Guardado.

Growing up in Monterrey, Mexico, Guardado often participated in high-school-level physics olympiads. He was always sure of his interest in pursuing a career in physics, but he remembered how frequently others asked him how he would find work. In the city where he grew up, with a burgeoning industrial and business center, there werent many research professors who advanced experimental work and hired a high-school student simultaneously.

Guardado achieved national and international recognition in these competitions, deciding to undertake his undergraduate degree at MIT. However, it has not been a linear path to quantum information. First, he studied cold atoms at MIT. Still, it was until his doctorate program at Princeton University, where he started working on quantum simulation, that he considered working broadly in the quantum technology field.

It was a bit of luck initially, as I was looking for someone to do undergraduate research based on what caught my attention. I liked the quantum field because it is very varied and open, featuring lasers, magnetic fields, vacuum chambers, and many more tools and applications, he said.

Guardado is interested in seeing how the experimental integration of different quantum technologies, such as those being studied and developed at QSA trapped ions, neutral atoms, and superconducting circuits can ultimately pave the way for larger systems that may leverage modularity.

Diego Barberena

Ph.D. candidate, University of Colorado Boulder

Diego Barberena is a graduate student from Lima, Peru, who studies quantum metrology at the University of Colorado Boulder. Barberena joined Reys group at JILA in 2017, and hes excited by the experimental and theoretical possibilities in the research and development of cold atom systems. He collaborated with researchers across disciplines and scientific institutes in the U.S. to demonstrate a quantum sensor composed of 150 beryllium ions with a record-setting sensitivity.

From a theoretical point of view, it helps a lot to have these experimental collaborations. For example, we pay closer attention to specific problems we can test with the quantum technologies currently available. In the same way, there are many ideas that we have been working on that can serve as feedback for future experiments, said Barberena.

Barberenas scientific journey is similar to others in QSA, where an initial curiosity led him to new fields of study. For example, he was first interested in quantum physics thanks to a professor at the Universidad Catlica del Per who worked on experiments with photons and quantum entanglement. After that, Barberena continued researching the state of quantum technologies by looking up conferences and broader networks in Latin America that could give him a glimpse of the long-term research questions.

It was not a clear path because there was no definitive guide, and I share these experiences with many international colleagues. It has been quite random, actually, because when I was studying at the university, there was not even a widespread notion of this field of research where scientists developed different models and hardware devices for quantum information and simulations, he said.

Thanks to the support of a Peruvian professor, Barberena continued to acquire more experience in this field until he applied for a doctorate at the University of Colorado. With QSA, he hopes to continue to have constant contact with the broader quantum community through regular meetings and conversations, which is quicker than waiting for a preprint.

####

Founded in 1931 on the belief that the biggest scientific challenges are best addressed by teams, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and its scientists have been recognized with 16 Nobel Prizes. Today, Berkeley Lab researchers develop sustainable energy and environmental solutions, create useful new materials, advance the frontiers of computing, and probe the mysteries of life, matter, and the universe. Scientists from around the world rely on the Labs facilities for their own discovery science. Berkeley Lab is a multiprogram national laboratory, managed by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energys Office of Science. DOEs Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit energy.gov/science.

Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration. Sandia Labs has major research and development responsibilities in nuclear deterrence, global security, defense, energy technologies and economic competitiveness, with main facilities in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Livermore, California.

The Quantum Systems Accelerator (QSA) is one of the five National Quantum Information Science Research Centers funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. Led by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and with Sandia National Laboratories as lead partner, QSA will catalyze national leadership in quantum information science to co-design the algorithms, quantum devices, and engineering solutions needed to deliver certified quantum advantage in scientific applications. QSA brings together dozens of scientists who are pioneers of many of todays unique quantum engineering and fabrication capabilities. In addition to industry and academic partners across the world, 15 institutions are part of QSA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Colorado at Boulder, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Caltech, Duke University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, UC Berkeley, University of Maryland, University of New Mexico, University of Southern California, UT Austin, and Canadas Universit de Sherbrooke. For more information, please visit https://quantumsystemsaccelerator.org/

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Inside the Proton, the ‘Most Complicated Thing’ Imaginable – Quanta Magazine

More than a century after Ernest Rutherford discovered the positively charged particle at the heart of every atom, physicists are still struggling to fully understand the proton.

High school physics teachers describe them as featureless balls with one unit each of positive electric charge the perfect foils for the negatively charged electrons that buzz around them. College students learn that the ball is actually a bundle of three elementary particles called quarks. But decades of research have revealed a deeper truth, one thats too bizarre to fully capture with words or images.

This is the most complicated thing that you could possibly imagine, said Mike Williams, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In fact, you cant even imagine how complicated it is.

The proton is a quantum mechanical object that exists as a haze of probabilities until an experiment forces it to take a concrete form. And its forms differ drastically depending on how researchers set up their experiment. Connecting the particles many faces has been the work of generations. Were kind of just starting to understand this system in a complete way, said Richard Milner, a nuclear physicist at MIT.

As the pursuit continues, the protons secrets keep tumbling out. Most recently, a monumental data analysis published in August found that the proton contains traces of particles called charm quarks that are heavier than the proton itself.

The proton has been humbling to humans, Williams said. Every time you think you kind of have a handle on it, it throws you some curveballs.

Recently, Milner, together with Rolf Ent at Jefferson Lab, MIT filmmakers Chris Boebel and Joe McMaster, and animator James LaPlante, set out to transform a set of arcane plots that compile the results of hundreds of experiments into a series of animations of the shape-shifting proton. Weve incorporated their animations into our own attempt to unveil its secrets.

Proof that the proton contains multitudes came from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in 1967. In earlier experiments, researchers had pelted it with electrons and watched them ricochet off like billiard balls. But SLAC could hurl electrons more forcefully, and researchers saw that they bounced back differently. The electrons were hitting the proton hard enough to shatter it a process called deep inelastic scattering and were rebounding from point-like shards of the proton called quarks. That was the first evidence that quarks actually exist, said Xiaochao Zheng, a physicist at the University of Virginia.

After SLACs discovery, which won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990, scrutiny of the proton intensified. Physicists have carried out hundreds of scattering experiments to date. They infer various aspects of the objects interior by adjusting how forcefully they bombard it and by choosing which scattered particles they collect in the aftermath.

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Carlmont faculty reacts to the Nobel Prizes Scot Scoop News – Scot Scoop News

Just as founder Alfred Nobel intended in 1909, the Nobel Prizes are awarded to those who have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. This year is no exception.

The Nobel Prize committees award six Nobel Prizes every year to recognize the achievements of individuals in various fields.

By Oct. 10, the Nobel Prizes committee announced their awards in the following categories: Medicine/Physiology, Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, and Economic Science.

Medicine

Svante Pbo, a Swedish geneticist, was awarded the years first Nobel Prize in medicine. Pbo successfully extracted DNA from 40,000-year-old bones to produce the first complete Neanderthal genome sequence. His discoveries regarding human evolution and Neanderthal DNA were the first in the field of ancient genome studies.

Pbos interest in looking at ancient human genomes and DNA ran up against a wall in terms of technology. Adequately getting enough quality DNA out of old samples was a major hurdle that he figured out, said Dr. Tyler Kochel, a biotechnology teacher at Carlmont High School.

Pbos interest in looking at ancient human genomes and DNA ran up against a wall in terms of technology. Adequately getting enough quality DNA out of old samples was a major hurdle that he figured out.

Dr. Tyler Kochel.

His work helps illustrate the way Homo sapiens have evolved from their Neanderthals and ape ancestors who lived thousands of centuries ago and became distinct species. Pbo could trace the evolutionary tree between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens back to see where the species diverged.

According to Kochel, developments in DNA sequencing helped Pbo advance his research and his DNA extraction is a significant step forward in that field.

The technology and the methods that [Pbo] developed can be used in other fields to have a larger impact. On the surface, this discovery seems like pure science to discover how we evolved. But then, what does it show us when looking at our genetic backgrounds? Some Nobel Prizes are a lot more practical than others and the applications of this Nobel Prize may show themselves in later research, Kochel said.

Physics

On Oct. 4., the Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to three men: Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger. These individuals conducted an experiment that proved one of the main postulates in quantum theory which advances the field of quantum technology.

Quantum physics is based on the fact that we cannot predict exactly where a particle is, its all probabilistic. One theory, entanglement, is if you have two particles so given what one particle is, you know what the other particle is. The experiment that the Nobel Prize winners ran proved this theory, said James Bohac, a physics teacher at Carlmont.

His discovery is a good example of the continuous scientific quest to find the truth about how our universe works. That is sort of the fundamental part of science: to always investigate and question.

James Bohac

According to Bohac, these scientists found a model of the universe more applicable to quantum physics. At the particle level, elements of Albert Einsteins traditional model of the universe do not hold, but Quantum physics can fill in the gaps and deepen scientists understanding of the universe.

One of the newest applications of quantum physics is called quantum computing. To get to really fast computing for technology, we want to use the features of quantum computing, Bohac said. What the Nobel Prize winners proved has direct applicability when trying to make the fastest possible scientific computer.

The path to reaching this discovery wasnt straightforward. John F. Clauser was often deterred from pursuing his research and when he started his work in 1960, he was trying to prove a semi-controversial postulate of quantum physics.

There was controversy about whether or not his discovery was true. When he started his work, people said, youre wasting your time but his persistence and belief rewarded him. His discovery is a good example of the continuous scientific quest to find the truth about how our universe works. That is a fundamental part of science: always to investigate and question, Bohac said.

Chemistry

On Oct. 5, the Nobel Prize in chemistry was unveiled and shared between Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal, and K. Barry Sharpless. Their research was focused specifically on click chemistry.

Felix G. Guzman, a chemistry teacher at Carlmont describes click chemistry through an analogy of Lego blocks.

You have Lego parts you can build anything out of, and you click them together. The two parts snap together. In the case of chemistry, a chemical reaction forms blocks of molecules into bigger molecules. When building large molecules, you start with one molecule and add other small parts one at a time, Guzman said.

Mostly, the molecules created from the chemical reaction have medicinal properties. According to Guzman, its a fortunate coincidence that this reaction produces the chemical compound triazole which has useful properties in many pharmaceutical drugs.

Alfred Nobel, who established the prizes, made it clear that the prize was not just an award for a discovery but something that would help humankind. And it has already had that impact. There has already been a revolution within chemistry and so many chemists and biologists are already using this reaction.

Felix G. Guzman

Click chemistry reactions allow you to join complex molecules together; its extraordinary because there are no byproducts, which is usually a major disadvantage since byproducts can be toxic and hard to separate from the desired products, Guzman said.

This lack of byproduct saves a great deal of time and resources in forming chemical compounds. However, the chemical reaction discovered by the Nobel prize winners came with another hassle to crack.

The first two winners, Meldal and Sharpless, came up with this idea independently. However, there was a major disadvantage for them because the chemical reaction required the use of a toxic catalyst, which was copper, but Bertozzi found a way to get rid of the copper catalyst by attaching fluorescent dye to the molecule to track the reaction. Guzman said.

Bertozzis experiments eliminated this obstacle and her research is incredibly useful for the development of future pharmaceuticals, according to Guzman.

Alfred Nobel, who established the prizes, made it clear that the prize was not just an award for discovery but something that would help humankind. And it has already had that impact. There has already been a revolution within chemistry and so many chemists and biologists are already using this reaction today, Guzman said.

Literature and Peace

A day later, on Oct. 6, Annie Ernaux was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. The French writers work is most notable for describing her experience getting an illegal abortion and her extramarital affair.

Mats Malm, the permanent secretary of the Swedish Nobel Prize Academy, applauded the courage and clinical acuity with which [Ernaus] uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory in a press release.

According to the New York Times, Ernauxs prose is uniquely hers. Despite her writings emotional content, she maintains a characteristic, unsentimental tone throughout it.

In a new conference with her publishing house, Ernaux said the writing is a way to shed light on things that one feels but are unclear.

The successive prize, the Nobel Peace Prize, was awarded to Ales Bialiatski, Memorial: a Russian organization, and the Center for Civil Liberties in Ukraine. All three winners received the prize for striving to maintain peace in light of the Russian-Ukraine War. They all contributed to the efforts to speak out about the human rights violations in Russia.

Memorial is a Russian human rights organization that Vladimir Putin shut down for its efforts to speak out about the authoritarian regimes in Russia. The Center for Civil Liberties has worked to document potential Russian crimes against Ukrainian civilians to protect their human rights. Ales Bialiastki is a Belarusian human rights activist who was jailed on politically-motivated charges for 1052 days.

While announcing the Nobel Peace Prize on Oct. 7, Berit Reiss-Andersen said, The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticize power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens.

Economics

The final Nobel Prize in economic science was awarded to Ben S. Bernanke, Douglas W. Diamond, and Philip H. Dybvig for their research on financial crises. They showed banks roles in economic decline.

One central feature of their research highlighted that while banks give depositors instant access to their savings and provide long-term loans to borrowers, this makes them vulnerable to financial collapse.

For instance, if many depositors simultaneously withdraw money from the bank and no loans are paid back, a financial crisis ensues. To avoid this, the government can act as a lender to the bank in case of emergencies.

In a press release, Tore Ellingson, Chair of the Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences, said, The laureates insights have improved our ability to avoid both serious crises and expensive bailouts.

The discoveries that the Nobel Prizes highlight contribute significantly to advancement in each field.

The Nobel Prizes will not be forgotten in a year. They will continue to be impactful for a long time, Guzman said.

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Using deep physics powered- AI, Aqemia raises 30 million to further its drug discovery pipeline – Tech.eu

Aqemia, a Parisian deep tech startup, has raised 30 million in a Series A funding round to further support the further scaling of drug discovery via combining quantum-inspired physics and machine learning.

Aqemias core software, developed from academic research at cole normale suprieure (PSL), can predict the effectiveness of a pharmaceutical drug. It does so by predicting first the affinity between a pharmaceutical target and a molecule. Aqemia can complete this task in minutes, while other software methods on the market require up to a week. Speedy prediction is key, since identifying the best drug candidates for a given target requires sifting through millions of compounds.

In a short three years, the startup has grown from this spin-out to a team of 50 professionals converging at the intersection of chemistry and artificial intelligence, culminating in several disclosed and undisclosed collaborations worth up to millions of euros with leading pharmaceutical companies such as Sanofi, Janssen, and Servier.

Unlike AI-based platforms that need experimental data to train on, Aqemia addresses drug discovery projects from their earliest stage by generating its own data using unique quantum physics algorithms derived from 12 years of research at universities Cambridge, Oxford, cole Normale Suprieure, and CNRS.

The unprecedented pace, whopping 10,000x faster while maintaining costs, and accuracy of our deep physics algorithms, adding up to our generative AI, creates a unique combination that permits to generate innovative new drug candidates more quickly, and scale drug discovery projects as technology projects, explained Aqemia CEO and co-founder Emmanuelle Martiano Rolland. We are continuously recruiting to address our next technology and drug discovery challenges.

In addition to the round co-led by Eurazeo and Bpifrance, existing investor Elaia also participated in the round.

"I strongly believe that Aqemia has unparalleled power to shift the drug discovery paradigm, said Eurazeos Antoine Zins. They have not only solved the missing data paradox in the discovery process with deep physics and AI, they can also generate leads at a faster pace than any discovery platform before them. We are very excited to be part of the adventure by their side.

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Using deep physics powered- AI, Aqemia raises 30 million to further its drug discovery pipeline - Tech.eu

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A New Model of Our Universe to UFOs, Intelligence and Cassandras Curse (The Galaxy Report) – The Daily Galaxy –Great Discoveries Channel

Todays stories include Back when SETI began, we expected intelligent extraterrestrials to make things easy for us to Oumuamua still puzzling scientists 5 years after discovery to NASAs Webb takes stunning star-filled portrait of Pillars of Creation, and much more.

The next stage of cosmic microwave background research. With CMB-S4, scientists hope to connect a sandy desert with a polar desertand revolutionize our understanding of the early universe. Were going back to look for physics from the dawn of time and test the model for how our whole universe was created,' reportsSymmetry.com

The Milky Ways Black Hole May Be the Key to What Drives GalaxiesSupermassive black holes are engines of galactic evolution, but new observations of our galaxy and its central hole dont quite match expectations, reports Wired.

Back when SETI began, we expected intelligent extraterrestrials to make things easy for us. After more than six decades of searching, it is becoming clear that there are no beacons in our galaxy. If our extraterrestrial neighbors are transmitting, then theyre doing so quietly. But our galaxy is just one of hundreds of billions in the observable universe. Are there beacons in those galaxies? And despite the vast distances, could we detect them?

UFOs, intelligence and Cassandras curse--Critically, officials have high confidence that secret U.S. aircraft or experimental technologies are not responsible for these perplexing encounters. At the same time, analysts have no evidence that a foreign power is behind hundreds of UFO reports. At this point, any intelligence analyst worth his salt should sound the alarm about the UFO phenomenon. And if policymakers are, in fact, receiving such warnings, Cassandras curse appears to be alive and well, reports The Hill.

One of the main problems if we ever find alien life, its our politicians, reports Chris Young for Interesting Engineering. Scientists suggest the geopolitical fallout of discovering extraterrestrials could be more dangerous than the aliens themselves.

NASAs Webb Takes Star-Filled Portrait of Pillars of Creation, reports NASA. Webbs new view of the Pillars of Creation, which were first made famous when imaged by NASAs Hubble Space Telescope in 1995, will help researchers revamp their models of star formation by identifying far more precise counts of newly formed stars, along with the quantities of gas and dust in the region. Over time, they will begin to build a clearer understanding of how stars form and burst out of these dusty clouds over millions of years.

Physicists Rewrite a Quantum Rule That Clashes With Our Universe The past and the future are tightly linked in conventional quantum mechanics. Perhaps too tightly. A tweak to the theory could let quantum possibilities increase as space expands, reports Charlie Wood for Quanta.com.

Physicists Got a Quantum Computer to Work by Blasting It With the Fibonacci SequenceAn experiment involving a Fibonacci pattern of laser pulses apparently yielded a new state of matter, reports Gizmodo. What we realized is that by using quasi-periodic sequences based on the Fibonacci pattern, you can have the system behave as if there are two distinct directions of time.

Oumuamua still puzzling scientists 5 years after discovery, reports Keith Cooper for Space.com.Although its origins are still hazy, interstellar objects like Oumuamua may be the product of wandering planets in young planetary systems.

NASA Studies Origins of Weird Solar System Object: Dwarf Planet HaumeaNearly the size of Pluto, Haumea is strange in several ways. It spins faster, by far, than anything else of its size, whirling on its axis in only four hours. Because of its fast spin, Haumea is shaped like a deflated American football instead of a sphere. Its surface, made largely of water ice, is unlike almost any other surface in the KuiperBelt.

Inside the Proton, the Most Complicated Thing You Could Possibly Imagine, reports Charlie Wood and Merrill Sherman for Quanta.com.The positively charged particle at the heart of the atom is an object of unspeakable complexity, one that changes its appearance depending on how it is probed. Weve attempted to connect the protons many faces to form the most complete picture yet.

Lucy Spacecraft Will Slingshot Around EarthOn October 16, 2022, NASAs Lucy spacecraft will fly by the Earth for the first of three gravity assists. During the maneuver, Lucy will pass within 219 miles of the planet (lower than the International Space Station) and will fly through a cloud of over 6,200 Earth-orbiting satellites. This data visualization depicts Lucys trajectory through the satellite swarm.

Algae could be instrumental in making human exploration of Mars possible, reports the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). Extremophilic algae are types of algae known for their ability to thrive in extreme environments such as high-altitude snowy mountains or hypersaline lakes. If we want to accomplish long-term space exploration with people instead of rovers and robots, it will require developing a self-sustaining life support systemfood and breathable air.

For the first time, astronomers saw dust in space being pushed by starlight--The finding could help researchers understand how light sculpts matter throughout the cosmos, reports Science News. Astronomers have long known that the dust emerging from the star WR 140 and its companion is formed by gas from these two stars colliding and condensing into soot. But images of the pair taken over the course of 16 years show that the dust is accelerating as it travels away from the stars.

First known map of the Cosmos found hidden in Medieval parchmentFabled star catalogue by ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus had been feared lost, reports Nature. James Evans, a historian of astronomy at the University of Puget Sound says it proves that Hipparchus, often considered the greatest astronomer of ancient Greece, really did map the heavens centuries before other known attempts. It also illuminates a crucial moment in the birth of science, when astronomers shifted from simply describing the patterns they saw in the sky to measuring and predicting them.

Astronomers discovered something strange about potentially hazardous asteroid Phaethon, reports Stefanie Waldek for Space.com.Phaethon is just the 11th known asteroid to demonstrate a changing rotational period.

Record measurement of universe suggests something is fishy, reports France 24. The comprehensive new study published in The Astrophysical Journal further confirmed that there is a significant discrepancy between two different ways to estimate the speed at which the universe is expanding.

Is the question Why is there something instead of nothing? even worth asking?--In this video from the interview series Closer to Truth, the US presenter Robert Lawrence Kuhn and the UK philosopher A C Grayling peel back the layers of a question thats been bandied about in many a Philosophy 101 classroom.

Curated by The Daily Galaxy Editorial Staff

Your free daily fix of stories of space and science a random journey from Planet Earth through the Cosmos that has the capacity to provide clues to our existence and add a much needed cosmic perspective in our Anthropocene epoch.

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A New Model of Our Universe to UFOs, Intelligence and Cassandras Curse (The Galaxy Report) - The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel

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The next stage of cosmic microwave background research – Symmetry magazine

In the 1960s, an anomalous, faint electromagnetic glow was observed across the entire sky. Physicists later determined that the light came from the very early universe, released when the first atoms formed shortly after the Big Bang.

We now call this relic radiation the cosmic microwave background, or CMB. Studying it is one of the highest priority pursuits in cosmology.

The fantastic thing about these [photons] is they have experienced the entire history of the universe, says Julian Borrill, a senior scientist at the US Department of Energys Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. And everything that has ever happened in the universe has left a tiny imprint on those photons; its changed their distribution and their energies slightly in all kinds of subtle ways.

If we can measure them with enough precision and understand their statistics, we can tease out the entire history of the universe.

Many experiments, both space- and ground-based, are already studying the CMB. Now scientists are developing plans for an ambitious project that would multiply by 10 the sensitivity of all these searches combined.

Called Cosmic Microwave Background-Stage 4, the project would comprise an array of small- and large-aperture telescopes deployed in Chile and at the South Pole. Building it would require unprecedented cooperation between two funding agencies and three scientific communities: astronomy, particle physics and polar science.

If scientists can pull it off, CMB-S4 will connect a sandy desert with a polar desert to address major astronomical questions.

Were going back to look for physics from the dawn of time and test the model for how our whole universe was created, says John Carlstrom, a CMB-S4 project scientist and professor at the University of Chicago. From that, we also learn a great deal about whats in the universe, how it evolved from these quantum fluctuations to all the structure we see.

Were developing the full story of the universe from its infancy and creation to the present day.

For many of the over 400 scientists across 121 worldwide institutions who are part of the CMB-S4 collaboration, the most intriguing goal of the experiment is its search for evidence of cosmic inflation.

Cosmic inflation is a hypothetical event in which the universe rapidly expanded. We think that inflation is one of the many hints for resolving the inconsistency between our two great theories of physics, general relativity and quantum mechanics, says Borrill, who serves as the CMB-S4 project data scientist.

Cosmic inflation would also explain, among other things, why areas of the universe that otherwise should not have ever been close enough together to affect one another still seem suspiciously similar.

The inflation process should have released gravitational waves, fluctuations in space-time that CMB-S4 is designed to detect.

Either detecting or ruling out the presence of primordial gravitational waveswould be a huge advance for our knowledge of the universe, says Jeff McMahon, an associate professor at the University of Chicago and co-spokesperson for the CMB-S4 collaboration.

But an experiment of this scale and sensitivity would have the potential to do much more, including discover unknown subatomic particles from the early universe, explore the nature of dark matter and dark energy, map the matter in the cosmos, and capture transient phenomena in the microwave sky.

I think the richness of the dataset means that its going to lead us in new directions, and those directions could be something new and exciting, McMahon says. I think theres room for surprises.

CMB-S4 is planning to place an array of microwave telescopes at two sites that have been vetted for their scientific value: the Atacama Plateau in Chile and the South Pole. The Simons Observatory, under construction in Chile, and the South Pole Observatory, operating in Antarctica, are among precursor Stage-3 CMB experiments that could provide a solid basis for the development of CMB-S4.

To fulfill some of CMB-S4s scientific goals, scientists will need to look at the same patch of sky for a long time, and the South Pole is conveniently oriented for this, as its view of the sky changes very little over the course of the year. Scientists plan to host at least 9 small-aperture telescopes 0.5 meters in diameter and one 5-meter large-aperture telescope at CMB-S4s South Pole site to conduct an ultra-deep survey of 3% of the sky.

Other goals require scientists to collect data from a very large area of sky; the Chile site is well suited for this. At the CMB-S4 site in the Chilean Atacama Desert, scientists plan to use two 6-meter large-aperture telescopes to conduct a deep and wide survey of 70% of the sky.

The CMB-S4 collaboration plans to use hundreds of thousands of superconducting bolometers as their detectors. The thing that makes these experiments sensitive is the number of detectors that they have in their focal plane, says Kevin Huffenberger, a professor at Florida State University and co-spokesperson for the CMB-S4 collaboration. [Even with] a better detector, youre still looking through the same atmosphere, so it doesnt really help You have to build more detectors so that you can average down the atmosphere over more detectors.

The design for CMB-S4, he says, offers a big step up in the sensitivity, which allows it to do things that the other experiments couldnt.

Three major studies have endorsed CMB-S4. It was recommended in 2014 by the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel, which outlines priorities for US particle physics; in 2015 by the National Academies report A Strategic Vision for NSF Investments in Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research, which defines the goals for the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs; and in November 2021 by the National Academies report Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics, which outlines priorities for US astronomy and astrophysics in the coming decade.

The CMB-S4 team is planning for the project to be a partnership between the National Science Foundation and the US Department of Energy. In 2019, DOE formally established the scientific need for CMB-S4, and in 2020 it designated Lawrence Berkeley National Lab as the host laboratory. The funding agencies require additional reviews before approving the start of construction.

The seemingly slow progress is not unusual for an endeavor of this size,according to those involved. Its a big project, and it takes a lot of time for the agencies to ensure that the project is well justified, says Huffenberger.

Marcelle Soares-Santos, an assistant professor at the University of Michigan and a convener of the group that focused on astrophysics at Snowmass2021, is also unsurprised at the pace. We all would like it to go faster, but I think its not unexpected to be at this stage, she says. Theres a reason why it requires support from the entire communitybecause it requires knowledge and expertise and resources that comefrom different corners of the community.

The CMB-S4 team must also consider the allocation of the limited resources available at the NSF-managed South Pole Station, which due to its remoteness and the extreme cold, is only accessible for a few months a year. To optimally match the capabilities of CMB-S4 to the logistical constraints of deploying and operating the telescopes at the South Pole, the balance between the number of telescopes placed at each site is currently being reexamined through an analysis of alternatives, one of the many agency requirements before considering and approving the project for construction.

Were going over the different changes to the instrument configurations we could make that would still meet our instrument requirements [in order] to understand what fits best within the logistical footprintfor the South Pole Station especially, but also the project overall, McMahon says.

That process should wrap up this year, he says, then we should be ready to seek funding to move forward toward the next stages of design and then construction, with operations in the early 2030s.

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What Is The Law Of Attraction? Forbes Health – Forbes

The basic philosophy behind the law of attraction is that energy precedes manifestation, explains Whitman. As such, positive thoughts may bring positive results into a persons life, while negative thoughts bring the opposite.

Whatever we direct our powerful focus upon within the invisible realm of our thoughts, beliefs and emotions eventually manifests into outer form, claims Whitman. Thereby the law of attraction says the state of everything in our external worldour bodies, our relationships, the robustness of our careers and our financesis a direct reflection of our internal state.

When were focused on whats missing, whats unjust or on all the ways weve been wronged, we not only continue to find evidence of wrongdoing, but we hold ourselves in a victim mindset that deprives us of our power to think and feel on purpose, adds Whitman. Conversely, the law of attraction says if you dont like the quality of the experiences youre drawing to yourself, you can change them by adjusting your vibrational output, which means shifting your mood, attitude, words, thoughts or perspective.

As an example, imagine you are selling your house and you feel anxious about people going through your home, because someone might steal somethingthat is a negative output and like a boomerang will give an equal reaction of vibrational energy, claims Whitman. You might find that someone moved something, stole something or the energy in the house feels off. However, if you are tending to your energy and the fear or anxiety around selling your home, and trust that the perfect buyer will come, in the perfect timing, and that you are excited about your next move or the money that will flow in, then you are sending out positive vibes.

The energy, attitude, acts and emotions one puts out into the world are more likely than not to attract similar or resonant energy, attitudes, acts, vibrations and emotions, says James Michael Nolan, Ph.D., a licensed psychologist, law of attraction coach and former president of Southwestern College in Santa Fe, New Mexico. This is not unrelated to the common notion of karma, you reap what you sow, or what goes around comes around.

Principles behind the law of attraction can be traced back to ancient philosophers, says Nolan, including Hermes Trismegistus and the Hermetic Teachings, which were written as far back as the first century. So, this is not by any means new or new age-y thinking, says Nolan. It has been around a very long time, across all major religions and many philosophical schools.

There are various ways people look at the law of attraction, explains Nolan. On the one hand, there are people who ascribe to the more scientific sounding explanation of vibrational energy. While the other, more metaphysical worldview of this concept isnt based on a logical, linear explanation at all, and instead relies on intuition, faith and trust, according to Nolan.

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Cloud: Why are more businesses turning to managed hosting? – TechNative

Cast your mind back to the office of 2019 its almost completely unrecognisable compared to todays working environment.

The last three years have seen the rise of remote working, as well as the emergence of big data technologies and SaaS solutions.

As a result, most businesses have now migrated at least some of their workloads and applications to the cloud. In particular, were seeing a growing appetite for managed cloud hosting a market which is predicted to grow from $86.1 Bn in 2021 to $237 Bn in 2032.

Not all clouds are created equal

Public cloud resources are delivered over the internet, owned, and operated by third-party service providers like AWS or Azure. Businesses often procure public cloud services on a pay as you go basis, paying only for the CPU cycles, bandwidth, and storage they consume. Public cloud is often seen as the most accessible solution for businesses thanks to this unlimited scalability and the minimal maintenance needed.

By contrast, private cloud refers to cloud services and infrastructure that are maintained on a private network, using dedicated hardware and software. Though it requires significantly more maintenance and monitoring, private cloud offers businesses superior control over their IT infrastructure particularly when it comes to security, costs etc.

As the name suggests, hybrid cloud infrastructure takes elements of both public and private cloud. It enables businesses to select storage whether on-premises, from hyperscalers or local cloud providers to match the performance needs of specific workloads. For example, many businesses use public cloud for day-to-day workloads and private cloud to house sensitive data.

Why are businesses turning away from public cloud?

After an initial rush to migrate workloads and resources to the public cloud, many businesses are (at least in part) reversing this decision. A 2021 IDC study found that 80% of respondents had recently repatriated workloads from public cloud environments.

Why? First and foremost, many businesses found that public cloud didnt deliver promised cost savings. Though public cloud can be more cost efficient when catering to occasional demand spikes, it can quickly become expensive when handling huge, year-round workloads particularly when you factor in management fees and non-fixed billing models. Secondly, many businesses are now choosing not to store sensitive data in public cloud environments, since hardware is often shared by multiple companies.

Is owned data centre infrastructure a better option?

Not necessarily. Largescale, global businesses may find it worthwhile to invest in their own data centre infrastructure as theyd benefit from economies of scale and total control over operations. But this is prohibitively costly for most, especially SMEs.

Whats more, figuring out networking, computing and storage needs based on applications and data is time consuming and requires a team of in-house experts. Again, this is unrealistic for most small and medium-sized businesses.

So, whats the alternative?

This is where managed hosting comes in. To create a bespoke cloud solution, managed hosting combines dedicated servers and hardware with management by an external service provider. Managed hosting also includes added value services like backup and disaster recovery, load balancing, security services, physical security for data centres, maintenance, and monitoring.

Managed hosting gives businesses peace of mind that their cloud infrastructure is being managed to the highest standards. Plus, since it doesnt require in-house cloud expertise or intervention, managed hosting gives IT teams freedom to focus on internal projects and processes.

Overall, managed hosting offers businesses the best of both worlds. A low maintenance service that operates on a private or hybrid cloud environment with personalisation, reliability and scalability built in from the start.

About the Author

Jake Madders, Co-founder and Director at Hyve Managed Hosting. Hyve Managed Hosting is a fully-managed, UK-based hosting provider with a genuine passion for technology. Adopting a customer-centric approach, Hyve delivers a range of hosting services, from mission-critical private cloud and managed cloud, to colocation and security services. Hyves engineers become an extension of any business, excelling in tailor-made 24/7/365 support and centralised management.

Featured image: Adobe Stock

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