Global cryptocurrency scams: Call centers, fake brokers and thousands of victims EL PAS USA
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Cohesity at AWS re:Invent 2022 - What happens in cloud, stays in cloud ComputerWeekly.com
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Cohesity at AWS re:Invent 2022 - What happens in cloud, stays in cloud - ComputerWeekly.com
Singapore Technologies Engineering (SGX:S63) investors are sitting on a loss of 4.6% if they invested three years ago Simply Wall St
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Gauteng woman wants to create opportunities for young people in the engineering industry - News24
Read More..Light is well known to exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, as imaged here in this ... [+] 2015 photograph. What's less well appreciated is that matter particles also exhibit those wave-like properties. Even something as massive as a human being should have wave properties as well, although measuring them will be difficult.
Is it a wave or is it a particle? Never has such a simple question had such a complicated answer as in the quantum realm. The answer, perhaps frighteningly, depends on how you ask the question. Pass a beam of light through two slits, and it acts like a wave. Fire that same beam of light into a conducting plate of metal, and it acts like a particle. Under appropriate conditions, we can measure either wave-like or particle-like behavior for photons the fundamental quantum of light confirming the dual, and very weird, nature of reality.
This dual nature of reality isnt just restricted to light, either, but has been observed to apply to all quantum particles: electrons, protons, neutrons, even significantly large collections of atoms. In fact, if we can define it, we can quantify just how wave-like a particle or set of particles is. Even an entire human being, under the right conditions, can act like a quantum wave. (Although, good luck with measuring that.) Heres the science behind what that all means.
This illustration, of light passing through a dispersive prism and separating into clearly defined ... [+] colors, is what happens when many medium-to-high energy photons strike a crystal. If we struck this prism with a single photon and space were discrete, the crystal could only possibly move a discrete, finite number of spatial steps, but only a single photon would either reflect or transmit.
The debate over whether light behaves as a wave or a particle goes all the way back to the 17th century, when two titanic figures in physics history took opposite sides on the issue. On the one hand, Isaac Newton put forth a corpuscular theory of light, where it behaved the same way that particles did: moving in straight lines (rays) and refracting, reflecting, and carrying momentum just as any other kind of material would. Newton was able to predict many phenomena this way, and could explain how white light was composed of many other colors.
On the other hand, Christiaan Huygens favored the wave theory of light, noting features like interference and diffraction, which are inherently wave-like. Huygens work on waves couldnt explain some of the phenomena that Newtons corpuscular theory could, and vice versa. Things started to get more interesting in the early 1800s, however, as novel experiments began to truly reveal the ways in which light was intrinsically wave-like.
The wave-like properties of light, originally hypothesized by Christiaan Huygens, became even better ... [+] understood thanks to Thomas Young's two-slit experiments, where constructive and destructive interference effects showed themselves dramatically.
If you take a tank filled with water and create waves in it, and then set up a barrier with two slits that allow the waves on one side to pass through to the other, youll notice that the ripples interfere with one another. At some locations, the ripples will add up, creating larger magnitude ripples than a single wave alone would permit. At other locations, the ripples cancel one another out, leaving the water perfectly flat even as the ripples go by. This combination of an interference pattern with alternating regions of constructive (additive) and destructive (subtractive) interference is a hallmark of wave behavior.
That same wave-like pattern shows up for light, as first noted by Thomas Young in a series of experiments performed over 200 years ago. In subsequent years, scientists began to uncover some of the more counterintuitive wave properties of light, such as an experiment where monochromatic light shines around a sphere, creating not only a wave-like pattern on the outside of the sphere, but a central peak in the middle of the shadow as well.
The results of an experiment, showcased using laser light around a spherical object, with the actual ... [+] optical data. Note the extraordinary validation of Fresnel's wave theory of light prediction: that a bright, central spot would appear in the shadow cast by the sphere, verifying the "absurd" prediction of the wave theory of light. The original experiment was performed by Francois Arago.
Later in the 1800s, Maxwells theory of electromagnetism allowed us to derive a form of charge-free radiation: an electromagnetic wave that travels at the speed of light. At last, the light wave had a mathematical footing where it was simply a consequence of electricity and magnetism, an inevitable result of a self-consistent theory. It was by thinking about these very light waves that Einstein was able to devise and establish the special theory of relativity. The wave nature of light was a fundamental reality of the Universe.
But it wasnt a universal one. Light also behaves as a quantum particle in a number of important ways.
Those developments and realizations, when synthesized together, led to arguably the most mind-bending demonstration of quantum weirdness of all.
Double slit experiments performed with light produce interference patterns, as they do for any wave ... [+] you can imagine. The properties of different light colors is understood to be due to the differing wavelengths of monochromatic light of various colors. Redder colors have longer wavelengths, lower energies, and more spread-out interference patterns; bluer colors have shorter wavelengths, higher energies, and more closely bunched maxima and minima in the interference pattern.
If you take a photon and fire it at a barrier that has two slits in it, you can measure where that photon strikes a screen a significant distance away on the other side. If you start adding up these photons, one-at-a-time, youll start to see a pattern emerge: an interference pattern. The same pattern that emerged when we had a continuous beam of light where we assumed that many different photons were all interfering with one another emerges when we shoot photons one-at-a-time through this apparatus. Somehow, the individual photons are interfering with themselves.
Normally, conversations proceed around this experiment by talking about the various experimental setups you can make to attempt to measure (or not measure) which slit the photon goes through, destroying or maintaining the interference pattern in the process. That discussion is a vital part of exploring the nature of the dual nature of quanta, as they behave as both waves and particles depending on how you interact with them. But we can do something else thats equally fascinating: replace the photons in the experiment with massive particles of matter.
Electrons exhibit wave properties just as well as photons do, and can be used to construct images or ... [+] probe particle sizes just as well as light can. (And in some cases, they can even do a superior job.) This wave-like nature extends to all matter particles, even composite particles and, in theory, macroscopic ones.
Your initial thought might go something along the lines of, okay, well photons can act as both waves and particles, but thats because photons are massless quanta of radiation. They have a wavelength, which explains the wave-like behavior, but they also have a certain amount of energy that they carry, which explains the particle-like behavior. And therefore, you might expect, that these matter particles would always act like particles, since they have mass, they carry energy, and, well, theyre literally defined as particles!
But in the early 1920s, physicist Louis de Broglie had a different idea. For photons, he noted, each quantum has an energy and a momentum, which are related to Planck's constant, the speed of light, and the frequency and wavelength of each photon. Each quantum of matter also has an energy and a momentum, and also experiences the same values of Plancks constant and the speed of light. By rearranging terms in the exact same way as theyd be written down for photons, de Broglie was able to define a wavelength for both photons and matter particles: the wavelength is simply Plancks constant divided by the particles momentum.
When electrons are fired at a target, they will diffract off at an angle. Measuring the electrons' ... [+] momenta enables us to determine whether their behavior is wave-like or particle-like, and the 1927 Davisson-Germer experiment was the first experimental confirmation of de Broglie's "matter wave" theory.
Mathematical definitions are nice, of course, but the real test of physical ideas always comes from experiments and observations: you have to compare your predictions with actual tests of the Universe itself. In 1927, Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer fired electrons at a target that produced diffraction for photons, and the same diffraction pattern resulted. Contemporaneously. George Paget fired electrons at thin metal foils, also producing diffraction patterns. Somehow, the electrons themselves, definitively matter particles, were also behaving as waves.
Subsequent experiments have revealed this wave-like behavior for many different forms of matter, including forms that are significantly more complicated than the point-like electron. Composite particles, like protons and neutrons, display this wave-like behavior as well. Neutral atoms, which can be cooled down to nanokelvin temperatures, have demonstrated de Broglie wavelengths that are larger than a micron: some ten thousand times larger than the atom itself. Even molecules with as many as 2000 atoms have been demonstrated to display wave-like properties.
In 2019. scientists achieved a quantum superposition of the largest molecule ever: one with over ... [+] 2000 individual atoms and a total mass of more than 25,000 atomic mass units. Here, the delocalization of the massive molecules used in the experiment is illustrated.
Under most circumstances, the momentum of a typical particle (or system of particles) is sufficiently large that the effective wavelength associated with it is far too small to measure. A dust particle moving at just 1 millimeter per second has a wavelength thats around 10-21 meters: about 100 times smaller than the smallest scales humanitys ever probed at the Large Hadron Collider.
For an adult human being moving at the same speed, our wavelength is a minuscule 10-32 meters, or just a few hundred times larger than the Planck scale: the length scale at which physics ceases to make sense. Yet even with an enormous, macroscopic mass and some 1028 atoms making up a full-grown human the quantum wavelength associated with a fully formed human is large enough to have physical meaning. In fact, for most real particles, only two things determine your wavelength:
Matter waves, at least in theory, can be used to amplify or impede certain signals, which could bear ... [+] fruit for a number of interesting applications, including the potential for rendering certain objects effectively invisible. This is one potential approach towards a real-life cloaking device.
In general, that means there are two things you can do to coax matter particles into behaving as waves. One is that you can reduce the mass of the particles to as small a value as possible, as lower-mass particles will have larger de Broglie wavelengths, and hence larger-scale (and easier to observe) quantum behaviors. But another thing you can do is reduce the speed of the particles youre dealing with. Slower speeds, which are achieved at lower temperatures, translate into smaller values of momentum, which means larger de Broglie wavelengths and, again, larger-scale quantum behaviors.
This property of matter opens up a fascinating new area of feasible technology: atomic optics. Whereas most of the imaging we conduct is strictly done with optics i.e., light we can use slow-moving atomic beams to observe nanoscale structures without disrupting them in the ways that high-energy photons would. As of 2020, there is an entire sub-field of condensed matter physics devoted to ultracold atoms and the study and application of their wave behavior.
The 2009 invention of the quantum gas microscope enabled the 2015 measurement of fermionic atoms in ... [+] a quantum lattice, which could lead to breakthroughs in superconductivity and other practical applications.
There are many pursuits in science that seem so esoteric that most of us have a hard time envisioning how theyd ever become useful. In todays world, many fundamental endeavors for new highs in particle energies; for new depths in astrophysics; for new lows in temperature seem like purely intellectual exercises. And yet, many technological breakthroughs that we take for granted today were unforeseeable by those who laid the scientific foundations.
Heinrich Hertz, who created and sent radio waves for the first time, thought he was merely confirming Maxwells electromagnetic theory. Einstein never imagined that relativity could enable GPS systems. The founders of quantum mechanics never considered advances in computation or the invention of the transistor. But today, were absolutely certain that the closer we get to absolute zero, the more the entire field of atomic optics and nano-optics will advance. Perhaps, someday, well even be able to measure quantum effects for entire human beings. Before you volunteer, though, you might be happier to put a cryogenically frozen human to the test instead!
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In Quantum Physics, Even Humans Act As Waves - Forbes
Read More..Fact that observing a situation changes it
In physics, the observer effect is the disturbance of an observed system by the act of observation.[1][2] This is often the result of instruments that, by necessity, alter the state of what they measure in some manner. A common example is checking the pressure in an automobile tire; this is difficult to do without letting out some of the air, thus changing the pressure. Similarly, seeing non-luminous objects requires light hitting the object, and causing it to reflect that light. While the effects of observation are often negligible, the object still experiences a change. This effect can be found in many domains of physics, but can usually be reduced to insignificance by using different instruments or observation techniques.
A notable example of the observer effect occurs in quantum mechanics, as demonstrated by the double-slit experiment. Physicists have found that observation of quantum phenomena can change the measured results of this experiment. Despite the "observer effect" in the double-slit experiment being caused by the presence of an electronic detector, the experiment's results have been misinterpreted by some to suggest that a conscious mind can directly affect reality.[3] The need for the "observer" to be conscious is not supported by scientific research, and has been pointed out as a misconception rooted in a poor understanding of the quantum wave function and the quantum measurement process.[4][5][6]
An electron is detected upon interaction with a photon; this interaction will inevitably alter the velocity and momentum of that electron. It is possible for other, less direct means of measurement to affect the electron. It is also necessary to distinguish clearly between the measured value of a quantity and the value resulting from the measurement process. In particular, a measurement of momentum is non-repeatable in short intervals of time. A formula (one-dimensional for simplicity) relating involved quantities, due to Niels Bohr (1928) is given by
The measured momentum of the electron is then related to vx, whereas its momentum after the measurement is related to vx. This is a best-case scenario.[7]
In electronics, ammeters and voltmeters are usually wired in series or parallel to the circuit, and so by their very presence affect the current or the voltage they are measuring by way of presenting an additional real or complex load to the circuit, thus changing the transfer function and behavior of the circuit itself. Even a more passive device such as a current clamp, which measures the wire current without coming into physical contact with the wire, affects the current through the circuit being measured because the inductance is mutual.
In thermodynamics, a standard mercury-in-glass thermometer must absorb or give up some thermal energy to record a temperature, and therefore changes the temperature of the body which it is measuring.
The theoretical foundation of the concept of measurement in quantum mechanics is a contentious issue deeply connected to the many interpretations of quantum mechanics. A key focus point is that of wave function collapse, for which several popular interpretations assert that measurement causes a discontinuous change into an eigenstate of the operator associated with the quantity that was measured, a change which is not time-reversible.
More explicitly, the superposition principle ( = nann) of quantum physics dictates that for a wave function , a measurement will result in a state of the quantum system of one of the m possible eigenvalues fn , n = 1, 2, ..., m, of the operator F which in the space of the eigenfunctions n , n = 1, 2, ..., m.
Once one has measured the system, one knows its current state; and this prevents it from being in one of its other statesit has apparently decohered from them without prospects of future strong quantum interference.[8][9][10] This means that the type of measurement one performs on the system affects the end-state of the system.
An experimentally studied situation related to this is the quantum Zeno effect, in which a quantum state would decay if left alone, but does not decay because of its continuous observation. The dynamics of a quantum system under continuous observation are described by a quantum stochastic master equation known as the Belavkin equation.[11][12][13] Further studies have shown that even observing the results after the photon is produced leads to collapsing the wave function and loading a back-history as shown by delayed choice quantum eraser.[14]
When discussing the wave function which describes the state of a system in quantum mechanics, one should be cautious of a common misconception that assumes that the wave function amounts to the same thing as the physical object it describes. This flawed concept must then require existence of an external mechanism, such as a measuring instrument, that lies outside the principles governing the time evolution of the wave function , in order to account for the so-called "collapse of the wave function" after a measurement has been performed. But the wave function is not a physical object like, for example, an atom, which has an observable mass, charge and spin, as well as internal degrees of freedom. Instead, is an abstract mathematical function that contains all the statistical information that an observer can obtain from measurements of a given system. In this case, there is no real mystery in that this mathematical form of the wave function must change abruptly after a measurement has been performed.
A consequence of Bell's theorem is that measurement on one of two entangled particles can appear to have a nonlocal effect on the other particle. Additional problems related to decoherence arise when the observer is modeled as a quantum system, as well.
The uncertainty principle has been frequently confused with the observer effect, evidently even by its originator, Werner Heisenberg.[15] The uncertainty principle in its standard form describes how precisely we may measure the position and momentum of a particle at the same time if we increase the precision in measuring one quantity, we are forced to lose precision in measuring the other.[16]An alternative version of the uncertainty principle,[17] more in the spirit of an observer effect,[18] fully accounts for the disturbance the observer has on a system and the error incurred, although this is not how the term "uncertainty principle" is most commonly used in practice.
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Did physicists create a wormhole in a quantum computer? - Nature.com
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The Rise In Connected Device Adoption Will Propel The Load Balancer Market Size To More Than $8 Billion By 2026 As Per The Business Research Company's...
New York Mayor Eric Adams would have been the Democrats runaway choice for president if only hed kept his campaign promise and cut crime in the Big Apple. No mayoral candidate talked about safety, safety, safety more than he.
As Adams told MSNBC during the campaign:
Public safety and justice is the prerequisite to prosperity. And I think that we have become too symbolic, instead of realistic, on how you keep cities safe. And its time for the Democratic Party to understand this. America wants to be safe. And we can do it with justice at the same time.
If a black mayor had saved New York City, no one could have beaten him. Not only that, but Adams has a black deputy mayor for public safety (Phil Banks), a black police commissioner (Keechant L. Sewell), and a black district attorney (Alvin Bragg).
New York Mayor Eric Adams is seen at press conference in Times Square on October 11, 2022, in New York City. (Raymond Hall/GC Images)
As conservatives never tire of pointing out, murder victims are overwhelmingly black (as are murder perpetrators, but lets not mention that). In a world that has only recently discovered that Black Lives Matter, wouldnt an all-black law enforcement team come down like a sledgehammer on crime?
Adams wasnt setting some pie-in-the-sky, impossible goal for himself. You dont have to go back to the 1950s to conceive of a safe New York. Just think back to about five years ago. New Yorkers lived in a virtually crime-free city for 20 years under mayors Rudy Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg.
In fact, those mayors made the city so safe, even communist Mayor Bill de Blasio couldnt wreck it overnight. It took a virus from China (which apparently required that criminals be released, but citizens be locked up) and a fentanyl addict dying in Minneapolis for him to spring the criminals it had taken Giuliani and Bloomberg 20 years to catch.
The point is: You cant fool New Yorkers anymore. They know its possible to keep violent psychos off the street.
Just not by a Democrat.
The problem is, no Democrat can support any policy that would reduce crime because, unfortunately, that would simply not be possible without putting more black bodies in prison.
SIRENS BLARE! TA-NEHISI COATES DESCENDS FROM THE HEAVENS.
Recall that when Bloomberg ran for president in 2020, he had to apologize for policies that reduced murders from 600 a year to an astounding 300 a year in a city where more than 60 percent of murder victims are black, and nearly 90 percent are black or Hispanic.
Apology not accepted!
Yes, perhaps vastly more black lives would matter in the sense of continuing to exist. But more black bodies would be subjected to stop-and-frisk by the police. Obviously, thats a no-go. Unpack your invisible backpack, white supremacist!
Liberals love to boast about New Yorks murder rate going up at a less astronomical clip than other crimes. Well, yeah criminals are notoriously poor marksmen. They are approximately as likely to hit small children and elderly bystanders as their intended target. Congratulations, New York!
On the other hand, shootings in the city have gone from about 900 a year in 2018 to nearly 2,000 a year, according to the New York Times.
It turns out Adams is the Democrats Donald Trump: All talk, no action.
There were hints that Adams wasnt going to get the job done when, earlier this year, Politico reported he was meeting with crime experts Al Sharpton and Joe Biden. He proudly noted that hed recently thanked a group of police officers for letting a perp get away. (At least no black bodies were hurt!) He even suggested that a video of the escaping suspect be screened for officers to show them how its done.
Commenting on the episode, Adams said, You have to inspect what you expect or its suspect. Doggerel from elected officials often precedes a collapse in crime rates.
Apart from encouraging cops not to do their jobs, Adams main anti-crime initiative has been to slap Gun Free Zone signs around Times Square.
So hows it going? In addition to the shootings, since Adams has been mayor, forcible rape is up 63 percent, grand larceny 38 percent, robberies 24 percent, car theft 25 percent, and major felonies in the transit system 51 percent.
Every single day, theres a new mind-blowing crime in New York.
Here are a few vignettes from Life in the Big City: On Tuesday this week, a 19-year-old public school teachers assistant in Brooklyn was shot in the head outside his school in the middle of the day. Last Thursday, three New Yorkers were stabbed on the subway within seven hours, one fatally. The previous Saturday night, nine (extremely body-positive) women dressed from head to toe in neon green bodysuits boarded the subway at Times Square and proceeded to pummel and rob a couple of 19-year-old girls. Days earlier, a random psycho stabbed an EMS worker to death in a frenzied attack in broad daylight outside a Queens deli.
The bad news for New York is that unless Lee Zeldin is elected governor this November, there is no hope. Things will continue to spiral downward into a dystopian horror. The good news for the country is that at this stage, it looks like Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis isnt even going to have to campaign to be our next president.
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Ann Coulter: For More Crime, Vote Democrat! - breitbart.com