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There was a time when servers were just called servers, before the marketing branches of tech companies rebranded their servers as the public cloud, and long before IT fought back by rebranding their servers as the private cloud. Way back when, most of a businesss data used to be stored on-premises in servers managed by company IT professionals. As a greater share of that data moves into the public cloud, it begs the question: When is it better to just manage your own cloud? To determine that, lets first look at what a private cloud actually is.

Although early public usages of the term cloud computing are often sourced to Googles Eric Schmidt, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2011 defined a private cloud as cloud infrastructure provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization comprising multiple consumers (e.g. business units). In other words, a private cloud doesnt even have to be on company premises or managed by that company to be considered private, so long as it is exclusively used by members of that company. On a public cloud, your data is private and protected, but it is hosted in a shared location amongst other clients. In a private cloud, your data is hosted on hardware typically owned and operated by a cloud provider, but the infrastructure is exclusive to your company.

And who better to determine the companys needs than the company itself? By leveraging a private cloud, these companies can customize their servers, improve performance, and possibly reduce costsat least on paper anyway. But early private clouds struggled to meet these goals, and more mature market offerings pulled data away, whereas public cloud providers offered laser-focused experience, improved scalability and elasticity, and a rolling commitment to hardware upgrades.

Also read: Successful Cloud Migration with Automated Discovery Tools

Private clouds are often employed in highly regulated fields where data is sensitive and security requirements are tight. U.S. government agencies, research institutions, and many financial organizations run private clouds to maintain compliance with data privacy requirements. This is particularly true for companies facing HIPAA compliance issues.

Costs are also a factor. The total cost of ownership of a private cloud may be found to be advantageous when weighed against a public cloud, particularly when factoring in for hidden charges such as network bandwidth usage. Research firm 451 Research found in a 2017 survey that more than 40% of respondents saved money by pursuing a private cloud versus a public one. These respondents identified automation, capacity-planning tools, and flexible licensing arrangements as the key drivers of those cost savings.

Private cloud allows a large number of users to share resources without any performance issues; thus, it contributes to the cost savings as users become more efficient in their work. This impact is the most valuable because it is a continuous saving, one IT director said in the study.

But costs were not the predominant decision-making factor for many of these enterprises. Data protection and asset ownership and integration with business processes were the highest-ranking decision points for companies that chose to operate a private cloud.

Owning a private cloud is a lot like owning a house. You keep the gutters clean, you mow the lawn, you fix a burst pipe in the freezing cold. You pay taxes, you pay the bank, you pay for replacement AC filters and fix broken windows and on and on and on. When you rent an apartment, you pay rent, and all your other problems are handled by someone else.

That peace of mind is why so many companies have chosen the public cloud route, where no matter how quickly their data usage grows, theyll never hit the ceiling of their providers capacity. Contrast that with a private cloud, where additional hardware needs must be meticulously planned to match the demands of data growth. This is a classic CapEx versus OpEx problem, where private clouds carry outsized capital expenditures to get up and running. Those costs are completely avoided on the public cloud side of the equation, where operating expenditures are incurred on an ongoing basis.

Private clouds can also put a higher demand on an enterprises IT department, as their skills are depended on to ensure smooth transitions between hardware, maintain uptimes, or properly configure security protocols.

Hybrid clouds attempt to mitigate many of these challenges by playing to the strengths of a private cloud and a public cloud at the same time. In a hybrid cloud model, large volumes of data are delivered to the public cloud, where economies of scale and the limitless storage ceiling provide a best-fit home for that information. Mission critical information, or data that must meet certain privacy requirements can be stored on a private cloud, under an added layer of security.

There is no one-size-fits-all solution here, and each method of cloud storage should be evaluated in the context of an enterprises needs and desires.

Read next: 5 Emerging Cloud Computing Trends for 2022

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The Benefits and Challenges of Setting Up a Private Cloud | ITBE - IT Business Edge

Blue HillOriginally published in The Weekly Packet, November 18, 2021Blue Hill moves municipal computer service to theCloud

by Jeffrey B. Roth

After weeks of dealing with issues related to updating TRIO software, Blue Hill town officials decided to move its municipal services platform to the Cloud, Town Administrator Shawna Ambrose told the select board at its November 15 meeting.

Several weeks ago, the towns IT techs and representatives of Harris Local Government, the company that created and markets the TRIO software, updated the towns computer servers. For a brief period, the upgrade appeared to be successful, but that changed a few days later, Ambrose said.

Were moving to the Cloud, this evening, after another terrible week of technology here at the town hall, Ambrose said. That update should start around six oclock and the TRIO team will work for a few hoursto get all the data on our server and then pushed into the Cloud.

The town relied on TRIO as the platform to register vehicles, collect taxes and perform many other local government services, Ambrose said. The purpose of the software update is to provide more functionality in the system.

Funds for first responders

In other business, Ambrose noted that she completed a survey more than a month ago that was issued to local municipalities by the Hancock County Commissioners. The purpose of the survey was to collect a head count of local EMS, firefighters, emergency dispatchers and other first responders as a preliminary step to apply for a matching funds grant through the federal American Rescue Plan Act. She said the matching funds would be used to pay hazard pay to first responders who worked throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

We participated in the survey and submitted data from the fire department, as well as for a potential match of funds for EMS workers. The towns are not being forced or even asked to do thishopefully, there will be a match available,Ambrose said.

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Blue Hill moves municipal computer service to the Cloud - The Weekly Packet

Edge Computing vs. Cloud Computing: Whats the Difference?

Theres a common misconception that cloud and edge computing are synonymous because many cloud providers such asDell,Amazon Web ServicesandGoogle also offer edge-based services. For example, an edge cloud architecture can decentralize processing power to a networks edge.

But there are key differences between cloud and edge computing. You can use cloud for some of the edge computing journey, Gallego says. But can you put edge computing in the cloud? Not really. If you put it back in the cloud, its not closer to the data.

Gallego notes that while cloud services have been around for more than a decade, edge computing is still considered an emerging technology. As a result, colleges and universities often lack the in-house skills and capabilities to make use of this technology. If thats the case, an institution maywant to work with a partnerto help it get started.

GET THE WHITE PAPER: As cloud adoption accelerates, security must keep pace.

The most common use case for edge computing is supporting IoT capabilities. By bringing servers closer to connected sensors and devices, institutions can leverage Big Data to gain actionable insights more quickly.

By placing clouds in edge environments, institutions can also cut costs by reducing the distance that data must travel. For an increasingly connected campus, edge computing can also help reduce bandwidth requirements.

As campuses prepare to support the next generation of students (the children of millennials), edge computing will play a key role in bolstering campus networks. Sometimes calledGeneration AI,this cohort will be using AI technologies in almost every aspect of their lives. To support an exponential amount of AI-enabled IoT technologies connecting to campus networks, universities and colleges will need 5G networks and mobile edge computing.

MORE ON EDTECH: Georgia Tech researcher discusses how AI can improve student success.

Edge solutions make it possible for post-secondary campuses to adopt what Gallego describes as a three-tiered computing model: on-premises, at the edge and in the cloud, with each fulfilling a specific purpose.

Onsite servers might be used to securely storeconfidential financial or research data, while the cloudunderpins hybrid and remote learning frameworks. Edge computing, meanwhile, offers benefits for data-driven research, especially time-sensitive research projects that require immediate data processing.

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What Is Edge Computing, and How Can It Be Leveraged for Higher Ed? - EdTech Magazine: Focus on Higher Education

In todays digital economy, a few minutes of downtime for critical applications and databases needed for online banking can be devastating loss of customer satisfaction, negative press and social media, drained IT resources, reduced end user productivity, etc.

Be aware of four key threats to financial services organizations when evaluating business continuity plans: cyberattacks, systems failures, natural disasters and cloud outages. In the face of these threats, which applications and databases would incur the greatest cost to your organization were they to go offline?

Review your applications with other questions in mind: Would losing this system reduce employee productivity or disrupt operations? Would losing this system increase the workload of your IT team? Added work for your IT team could add to labor costs and costly delays to planned projects.

Other questions can reveal costs that may be harder to quantify, but are impossible to ignore. What would losing a customer-facing application cost in terms of customer satisfaction and reputation? Negative publicity or social-media standing? If this application or database is locked by ransomware, what will that cost in terms of public confidence? Similarly, what if downtime draws regulatory scrutiny?

Having used these questions to identify your most critical applications, consider the main threats they face and how best to protect them.

Banks and credit unions may face the challenge of protecting vital applications and data without dedicated cybersecurity experts on staff. There are some important steps every organization can take to improve cyber security, regardless of size or IT resources.

The cost of ransomware and other cyber threats justifies the investment in an expert audit of regulated data and any means of accessing it including firewall weaknesses, routers, network access points, and servers and recommended countermeasures specific to each weakness.

Document and communicate policies about the acceptable use of the companys computer equipment and network, both in office and at home. Include clear restrictions for accessing and downloading sensitive data to local laptops and PCs, use of network access points, wireless security and best practices to avoid email-borne threats.

And apply software solutions for protection this includes workstation/laptop antispam software, as well as automated security systems that hunt, detect and manage defenses against threats throughout the system.

Component failure within your IT infrastructure servers, storage, network routers, etc. is inevitable. To mitigate the cost of failure, answer these three questions:

Your most critical applications those that require an RPO of zero, an RTO of just 1-2 minutes, and true high availability (HA) of at least 99.99% annual application uptime can be protected against hardware failure through failover clustering. For less critical applications and data, a simple backup or archiving plan may suffice.

Failover clustering provides redundancy for potential sources of system failure. Clustering software monitors application availability and if a threat is detected, this software moves the application operations to a standby server where operation continues with minimal downtime and near zero data loss.

Some applications may need protection from disasters that damage the local IT infrastructure. For applications needing HA, the primary and standby cluster nodes should be geographically separated, but connected by efficient replication that can synchronize storage between locations.

Cloud infrastructure does not automatically provide application-level HA or disaster recovery protection. Cloud availability service-level agreements apply only to the hardware, which may not ensure that an application or database remains accessible.

Like any computing system, clouds are vulnerable to human error, disasters and other downtime threats. HA clustering for applications in the cloud should be capable of failing over across both cloud regions and availability zones. Traditional shared storage clustering in the cloud is costly and complex to configure, and is sometimes not available. Use block-level replication to ensure the synchronization of local storage among each cluster node. This enables a standby node to access an identical copy of the primary node storage and an RPO of zero.

By assessing the criticality of the applications, databases and systems required to operate efficiently and calculating the real cost of downtime for these systems, banks and credit unions can invest time and resources wisely to mitigate those threats cost efficiently.

Ian Allton is solutions architect at SIOS Technology Corp.

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Protecting financial institutions from downtime and data loss - BAI Banking Strategies

For most enterprises, migrating to the cloud is a prerequisite for digital transformation and a means to outperform their competitors in a deeply competitive landscape. As businesses are becoming comfortable with the cloud, they are increasingly moving advanced workloads to the cloud.

But advanced workloads mean more complicated and intricate cloud environments. As a result, IT has the task of potentially managing thousands of VMs and diverse workloads spread across the globe. Cloud automation offers an efficient way to deal with these challenges.

Cloud automation simplifies and optimizes the management of complex cloud infrastructures and enables teams to work efficiently at scale. It also makes sound business sense to invest in automation. In a survey by Capgemini, 80% of Fast Movers reported that their organizations agility had improved by implementing automation. Another 75% of Fast Movers saw an increase in profitability, exhibiting the economic benefits of adopting cloud automation.

With the global cloud automation market poised to reach $149.9 Billion by 2027 at a CAGR of 22.8%, it seems to be the right time to learn about cloud automation and its role in improving operational efficiency in the cloud environment.

So, what exactly is cloud automation, and how does it benefit your business?

Cloud automation refers to the method and processes used by enterprises to minimize manual efforts by IT teams when deploying and managing workloads. With automation, organizations reduce an IT teams need to micromanage things, thus freeing up their time and enabling them to focus more on higher-value projects that drive significant ROI.

Having to manage heterogeneous systems in the cloud is no small task. Cloud management is a complicated process that requires proper orchestration between the people, processes, and technologies operating in a cloud environment. With a cloud automation solution, you can minimize errors, reduce operational costs, and optimize business value. Whether your IT team needs to provision/deprovision servers, configure VMs, move applications between systems, or adjust workloads, automation can step in to expedite the process(es).

Besides the benefits of reducing manual work, cloud automation provides added advantages like:

When repetitive tasks are automated, the workflow speed increases as tasks that used to take weeks or days are done in minutes. With a drastic reduction in development and production time, the operational efficiency of an organization naturally improves. The productivity of employees also increases as they get to focus more on the rewarding aspects of their work instead of doing IT heavy lifting.

Provisioning servers manually can expose sensitive data to unauthorized users and increase the attack surface. In contrast, an automated solution creates an orderly environment that is far easier to protect. Automation reduces the possibility of misconfiguration and security posture drifts, thus amplifying the security stance of the enterprise.

Humans are prone to making mistakes, but mistakes are costly. Automated systems can handle routine, monotonous work much better than humans at far less cost. Moreover, automated solutions let you identify under-provisioned and unnecessary resources in your cloud system. By acting on these money sinkholes, you can reduce your organizations overall expenses and save money.

When you work with manually configured clusters, youre going to run into misconfigurations. Without having complete visibility into the system, it becomes difficult for IT staff to pinpoint irregularities and rectify them. Cloud automation allows you to set up resources in a standardized manner, which means you have better control over the infrastructure, leading to improved governance.

The most common use case of cloud automation is infrastructure provisioning. IaC (Infrastructure as Code) is the process of managing infrastructure through code. Before adopting IaC, teams had to maintain multiple clusters manually, which over time led to configuration drifts and created snowflake servers. Snowflake servers are servers whose configuration has changed so much that they can no longer be integrated with the system.

IaC streamlines the management of environment drift and removes discrepancies that lead to deployment issues. Further, manually configuring servers is time-consuming. Infrastructure automation tools, such as Terraform, Pulumi, or AWS CloudFormation; automate recurring tasks, like building, deploying, decommissioning, or scaling servers; and bring down the deployment time from days to minutes.

In todays fast-moving and agile IT environment, manual deployment of applications doesnt have a lot of value to some organizations. Agile organizations believe in continuous delivery and often push out a dozen releases in a week. That is not possible with the manual method of deploying applications, where failing to execute even a single deployment script leads to inconsistencies affecting the software release cycle.

By automating application deployment, the probabilities of errors are reduced to a minimum, and firms achieve faster delivery of projects in a much shorter time frame with fewer efforts.

As enterprises move from legacy systems to expansive cloud environments, it can become challenging to supervise hundreds of end users that need various levels of access to cloud services. Manually allocating access rights to individual users is cumbersome and leads to delayed action. Plus, there is the risk of granting access to the wrong person(s), which can threaten the organizations cloud security posture.

With cloud automation, identity and access management (IAM) becomes a lot more structured and secure. By automating IAM policies, you can reduce the chances of errors by restricting access to only specific people.

Also read: Best Network Automation Tools for 2021

Here are some examples of automation tools that you can use to manage your cloud resources effectively.

In the market since 2005, Puppet is an open-source deployment tool that automates server configuration by eliminating the manual use of shell scripts. Puppet uses its own domain-specific language called Puppet Code to automate infrastructure deployment across a range of devices and operating systems. Mostly preferred for complex deployments, Puppet codifies applications into declarative files and stores configurations in version controls for teams to compare with a centralized source of truth.

CloudFormation is an IaC tool in the AWS platform that provides a quick and efficient way to automate and provision AWS deployments. CloudFormation enables users to build their infrastructure within a YAML or JSON format. Then, using the suitable template language, users can code the required infrastructure and use CloudFormation to model and provision the stacks. In addition, they can also make use of Rollback Triggers to restore infrastructure stacks to a previously deployed condition if errors are detected.

Ansible is an open-source deployment and network automation tool that is simple to put up and operate. Unlike Puppet, which installs agents on clients servers, Ansible uses an agentless architecture with all functions carried out through the SSH command line. Thus, not having to install individual agents in servers saves time and simplifies the deployment process. Also, it uses YAML language, which is much easier to read than other data formats like JSON or XML.

Its simply not enough by migrating to the cloud. Organizations have to shed their legacy methods of operation; otherwise, the move will not be worth it. To fully leverage the limitless possibilities of the cloud, organizations need to adopt cloud automation. In fact, automation should no longer be an option but recognized as a vital cloud feature that organizations need to adopt for reduced complexity and greater agility.

Read next: Top RPA Tools 2021: Robotic Process Automation Software

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What You Need to Know About Cloud Automation | ENP - EnterpriseNetworkingPlanet