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A virtual discussion, Trustworthy AI for Wildlife Conservation: AI and Humans Combating Extinction Together, will take place on March 19 at 2 p.m. CT. Registration is required. The discussionishosted by theVanderbilt Data Science Institute.

Artificial intelligence is increasingly the foundation of decisions big and small, affecting the lives of individuals and the well-being of our planet. Tanya Berger-Wolf, professor of computer science engineering, electrical and computer engineering, and evolution, ecology and organismal biology at Ohio State University, will share how data-driven, AI-enabled decision processes can be deployed in the context of conservation. She will present an example of howsuch processes become trustworthy by opening opportunities for participation, supporting community-building, addressing inherent biases and providing transparent performance measures.

As a computational ecologist, Berger-Wolfs research is at the unique intersection of computer science, wildlife biology and social sciences. She creates computational solutions to address questions such as how environmental factors affect the behavior of social animals, including humans.

Berger-Wolf is the director of the Translational Data Analytics Institute at OSU and director and co-founder of Wild Me, a tech-for-conservation software nonprofit that brings together computer vision, crowdsourcing and conservation. Its key project Wildbook enabled the first-ever full species census of the endangered Grevys zebra through photographs taken by ordinary citizens in Kenya. The resulting numbers are now the official species census used by IUCN Red List. Wildbook also includes whales, sharks, giraffes and many more species.

Berger-Wolf holds a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She has received numerous awards for her research and mentoring including University of Illinois Scholar, UIC Distinguished Researcher of the Year, National Science Foundation CAREER, Association for Women in Science Chicago Innovator and the UIC Mentor of the Year.

TheVanderbiltData Science Institute acceleratesdata-driven research, promotescollaboration and trainsfuture leaders. The institute brings together experts in data science methodologies with leaders in all academicdisciplinesto sparkdiscoveriesandto study the impact of big data on society. Theinstitute is educating students in computational and statistical data science techniques to become future leaders in industry, government, academia and the nonprofit sector.This is the second discussionin thespring speaker series.

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Vanderbilt Data Science Institute hosts AI for conservation expert Tanya Berger-Wolf in virtual event on March 19 - Vanderbilt University News

For all the progress thats been made in the field of artificial intelligence, the worlds most flexible, efficient information processor remains the human brain. Although we can quickly make decisions based on incomplete and changing information, many of todays artificial intelligence systems only work after being trained on well-labeled data, and when new information is available, a complete retraining is often required to incorporate it.

Now the startup Nara Logics, co-founded by an MIT alumnus, is trying to take artificial intelligence to the next level by more closely mimicking the brain. The companys AI engine uses recent discoveries in neuroscience to replicate brain structure and function at the circuit level.

The result is an AI platform that holds a number of advantages over traditional neural network-based systems. While other systems use meticulously tuned, fixed algorithms, users can interact with Nara Logics platform, changing variables and goals to further explore their data. The platform can also begin working without labeled training data, and can incorporate new datasets as they become available. Perhaps most importantly, Nara Logics platform can provide the reasons behind every recommendation it makes a key driver of adoption in sectors like health care.

A lot of our health care customers say theyve had AI systems that give the likelihood of somebody being readmitted to the hospital, for example, but theyve never had those but why? reasons to be able to know what they can do about it, says Nara Logics CEO Jana Eggers, who leads the company with CTO and founder Nathan Wilson PhD 05.

Nara Logics AI is currently being used by health care organizations, consumer companies, manufacturers, and the federal government to do things like lower costs and better engage with customers.

Its for people whose decisions are getting complicated because theres more factors [and data] being added, and for people that are looking at complex decisions differently because there's novel information available, Eggers says.

The platforms architecture is the result of Wilsons decision to embrace the complexities of neuroscience rather than abstract away from them. He developed that approach over more than a decade working in MITs Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, which has long held the mission of reverse engineering the human mind.

At Nara Logics, we think neuroscience is on a really good track thats going to lead to really exciting ways to make decisions that we haven't seen before, Wilson says.

Following a passion

Wilson attended Cornell University for his undergraduate and masters degrees, but once he got to MIT in 2000, he stuck around. Over the course of a five-year PhD and a seven-year postdoc, he created mathematical frameworks to simulate brain function.

The community at MIT is really focused on coming up with new models of computation that go beyond what computer science offers, Wilson says. The work is connected with computer science, but also considers what our brain is doing that could teach us how computers work, or how computers could work.

On nights and weekends during the final years of his postdoc, from 2010 to 2012, Wilson was also beginning to translate his algorithms into a commercial system in work that would be the foundation of Nara Logics. In 2014, his work caught the attention of Eggers, who had led a number of successful businesses but had grown jaded about the hype around artificial intelligence.

Eggers became convinced Nara Logics AI engine offered a superior way to help businesses. Even back then the engine, which the company refers to as Nara Logics Synaptic Intelligence, had properties that made it unique in the field.

In the engine, objects in customers data, such as patients and treatments, organize into matrices based on features they share with other objects, in a structure similar to what has been observed in biological systems. Relationships between objects also form through a series of local functions the company calls synaptic learning rules, adapted from cell- and circuit-based neuroscience studies.

What we do is catalog all the metadata and what we call our Connectomes go in and mine the database of unstructured data and build links across all of it that relate these things, Wilson explains. Once you have that background, you can go in and say, I like this, this, and this, and you let the engine crunch the data and give you matches to those parameters. What you didnt have to do is have any notion of what the right answer was for lots of similar people. You skip that whole step.

Each object in Nara Logics Synaptic Intelligence stores its properties and rules locally, allowing the platform to adjust to new data by updating only a small number of associated objects. The bottom-up approach is believed to be used by the brain.

Thats totally different than deep learning or other approaches that just say, Were going to globally optimize everything, and each cell does what the global algorithm tells it, Wilson explains. Neuroscientists are telling us each cell is making decisions on its own accord to an extent.

The design allows users to explore relationships in data by activating certain objects or features and seeing what else gets activated or suppressed.

To give an answer, Nara Logics engine only activates a small number of objects in its dataset. The company says this is similar to the sparse coding believed to be used in higher brain regions, in which only a small number of neurons are activated in any given moment. The sparse coding principal allows the company to retrace its platforms path and give users the reasons behind its decisions.

As the company has matured, Wilson has stayed plugged in to the MIT communitys research, and Nara Logics participated in the STEX25 startup accelerator, run by the MIT Industrial Liaison Program, where Wilson says the company made many contacts that have turned into customers.

Leveraging a mind-like AI

Manufacturers are already using Nara Logics platform to better understand data from internet-of-things devices, consumer companies are using it to better connect with customers, and health care groups are using it to make better treatment decisions.

Were focused on a specific algorithm, which is the mechanics of decision making, Wilson says. We believe its something you can codify, and we believe its something thatll be insanely valuable if you can get that process right.

As Covid-19 disrupted industries and underscored the need for organizations to invest in adaptive software tools, Nara Logics nearly doubled its customer base. The founders are thrilled to be scaling a solution they feel is more collaborative and responsive to humans than other AI systems.

We think the most important difference were contributing to is building an AI where people participate and people are in the loop theyre cognizant and understanding and aware of what its doing, Wilson says. That helps them make smarter decisions every day, and those add up to make a big difference.

Link:

Artificial intelligence that more closely mimics the mind - MIT News

Rediet Abebe S.M. 16 (applied math) and Jean Liu, S.M. 02 (computer science), gave talks during the Women in Data Science (WiDS) Worldwide Conference on March 8, 2021.

Abebe, a Junior Fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows and an incoming Assistant Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley, gave a Technical Vision Talk titled Roles for Computing in Social Justice.

Liu, President of leading mobile transportation and local services platform Didi Chuxing, gave a technical vision talk titled Be Great, Be You: Building Character and Resilience for Organizations of the Future."

In addition, incoming SEAS faculty member Fernanda Vigas, who is currently a principal scientist at Google, gave a keynote presentation titled Data Visualization as Exploratory Medium: from Scientific Insight to Artistic Impression.

The 24-hour WiDS Worldwide Conference, held on International Womens Day, featured keynote addresses,technical talks, and panel discussions with more than 40 thought leaders around the world, from academia, industry, non-profits, and government.

Read more.

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Alumni speak at Women in Data Science Conference - Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Benita Albert and D. Ray Smith/Historically Speaking| Oakridger

Benita Albert brings us another story of an Oak Ridge Schools graduate. Thanks to Mike Coveyou, who suggested to Benita that Dick Sites would be a good subject for her to consider. You will enjoy this two-part series

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Dick (R.L.) Sites wrote his first computer program at age 10, a project which produced a Pascals Triangle display, a triangular array of the coefficients in successive binomial expansions. This topic from algebra was most certainly ahead of the mathematics expected of him at that age. The computer on which his program ran was the ORACLE (Oak Ridge Atomic Computer and Logical Engine), a scientific digital computer that used vacuum tubes.

Dick said, My mentor took my program to the Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL), where ORACLE was housed, time and time again until it ran successfully. I wrote the program code in assembly language.

Only in the fifth grade at the time, he was hooked! This son of Oak Ridge pioneers was on his path to his future, now a more than 60-year love affair with computer science. He has made prodigious contributions to advancements in the field, continuing even now as, in his supposed retirement, he is completing a graduate textbook on measuring software performance.

Dicks classmate, Mike Coveyou, suggested that I write this alumni story about his friend from their Oak Ridge High School (ORHS) Class of 1965. It was Mikes father, Bob Coveyou, an ORNL mathematician, who introduced Dick, Mike, and another friend to coding during sessions in his home during the summer of 1959.

The ORACLE computer, Dick would later learn, was a machine Bob Coveyou helped build. It was the fastest computer in the world when it became operational in 1953.

Dick remembers seeing the ORACLE through a protective glass barrier on a family visitation day at ORNL. It was one of the last homemade computers, and it became obsolete by the 1960s.

Dick is the son of John R. Sites, a physicist who was recruited out of graduate school to come to Oak Ridge to work on the Manhattan Project in 1944. John worked in a mass spectrometry lab at Y-12 until he retired in 1983. Dicks mother, Winifred, was a homemaker and math tutor. John and Winifred were married on Sept.19, 1942; incredibly, this was the same date as Gen. Leslie Groves choice of the secret government site, Oak Ridge.

They arrived in East Tennessee with a son, Jim (born in 1943), and the family grew to include Marj (1946), Dick (1949), and Jana (1957). Older brother Jim is the retired head of the Physics Department at Colorado State University. His sister Marj has worked at a variety of jobs while living in Alaska, and sister Jana is a retired software engineer and office manager, now living in Virginia. Jims parents moved to Colorado in 2006. They both passed away on the same date in 2016, shortly after celebrating their 74th wedding anniversary.

Dick and his siblings attended Cedar Hill Elementary School, Jefferson Junior High School (above Jackson Square), and ORHS. A February birthdate delayed Dicks school start, but he skipped second grade and eighth grade, graduating from ORHS at age 16. Dick described himself as a nerd. He was one of six precocious students identified by his fifth-grade teacher, Lanis Pullum, as needing enhanced math instruction.

Through grade realignments, Dick said he was fortunate to have Pullum again for his sixth-grade year where he and friends continued their accelerated math program. However, at mid-year his teacher was told by school officials to discontinue this separate offering, since as Dick recalled, A school board member argued that the average students in the class were being neglected.

Through the efforts of Mary Laycock, ORHS math teacher and mathematics coordinator, the six students were subsequently selected to begin Algebra I in the seventh grade. (Note: This first group led the way for an expanded seventh-grade algebra program in the Oak Ridge Schools, as well as the creation of additional high school math offerings to meet the accelerated program needs.)

Dicks sophomore year included Laycocks Algebra II class at ORHS. He greatly profited from her strong advocacy for his math talents and from her efforts to maximize his collegiate opportunities. Dick proudly mentioned his participation in Tennessee State Math Competitions: At age 12 he was second in the state in Algebra I, and this was topped off by a first place in state on the highest-level test, Comprehensive Mathematics, in his senior year.

Dick praised the special high school mathematics texts from the School Mathematics Study Group (SMSG) that the ORHS Mathematics Department adopted. The SMSG texts were government sponsored, enhanced curricular materials. The paperback texts ORHS students used were written by an elite committee of mathematicians in response to the considered crisis in the U.S. mathematics program for grades 7-12.

The crisis was identified after the launching of Sputnik in October 1957, and the fear of losing ground in math and science provoked a major redesign called new math, an ambitious, accelerated, and enriched program of study. Oak Ridge Schools were among the first in the nation to participate in intensive teacher training and to use the SMSG materials during the early 1960s. Dick's admiration for Laycock and her special efforts to challenge him formed a lifelong bond a later, close friendship, including many visits in her home in California.

Dick was a star at math, but physical education was a different story. He said he was small and young for his age as an ORHS sophomore, and he attributes that as a part of the reason for the grade of F he received.

He said, My classmates were much bigger, and they had muscles.

Dick smiled remembering that his parents snuck into a separate room to laugh upon learning about his grade.

During summers after his sophomore and junior years, Dick was chosen to attend selective National Science Foundation (NSF) Math Camps. His first summer was at the University of Florida where, along with math and geology classes, he learned to write programs in Fortran. The second summer was spent at Purdue University.

As a teen he was already dreaming of a career in computer science, and he was quietly building a resume to suit his plans. Dick said, I spent my high school years writing programs for my father on the CDC 1640, a 48-bit Cray. He humorously added, It was my dads way of keeping me off the street.

Dick described his hometown as a special environment: … A lot of bright people with a strong interest in science. A completely safe town, especially for kids. My parents never locked the front door. I also fondly remember several foreign exchange students, especially Shigi, from Tokyo, circa 1964. I was too young to appreciate that his year in Oak Ridge was only about 20 years after the bombings (in Japan).

Continuing memories of his Oak Ridge childhood, Dick wrote, The style at home when I was small was that we could earn money doing odd jobs, washing dishes and such, eventually mowing the lawn when I was big enough. My parents didnt believe in kids allowances. My brother Jim delivered papers for The Oak Ridger for about five years from 1956-1961 (when he graduated and left for Duke University).

I then delivered the same route for four more years until I graduated. The route covered Porter Rd., Union, top part of Utah, Powell Rd., East Price, West Price, and a few houses on Pennsylvania Ave. I grew up in the C-house at 101 Powell Rd. I did not know that the rest of the world managed without fixed floor plans lettered A-H until I reached college.

It was through a friend at NSF Math Camp that Dicks interest in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) began. His parents were unsure he could qualify and also were unsure of the cost, but at least a dozen teachers and scientists supported his application with their recommendations under Laycock's determined lead.

Dick only applied to three schools, Harvard, Duke, and MIT. He was accepted at Duke and MIT, both wonderful choices, and even though his older brother was a Duke graduate, Dick chose MIT.

The summer before his freshman year at MIT, Dick lived on campus and worked in the University of Tennessee Computation Center. This job, again championed by his beloved mentor Mary Laycock, gave him access to both the IBM 7040 and the 1401. Dick described the 1401 as one of his favorite machines.

He recalled, Having lots of time, I could type and run programs of my own.

This hands-on experience would lead him to the next step forward in the burgeoning world of computers, not only through collegiate study and access, but in his own initiatives for part time work in the computer field.

Dick continued, At the end of the UT summer job, I asked the Universitys IBM representative where I might write IBM about a part-time job while at MIT. In a couple of days, he came up with a generic address in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., so I wrote them about a job in Boston, summarizing my experience and interest in computers and my interest in IBMs announced-but-not-yet-delivered IBM System/360 line and PL/I programming language.

Dick and his parents made a side trip on the way to begin his freshman year at MIT, veering the route through Poughkeepsie for a visit and interview at IBM headquarters.

Upon their arrival in Poughkeepsie, and after some confusion about his official appointment/interview, Dick remembered, Some kind IBM person arranged someone for me to chat with for an hour. … The guy had no idea who I was, but he explained he was working on operating system generation writing a runnable operating system image on a disk. I had no clue what that was, but it seemed complicated. We went on to Boston with somewhat diminished expectations, and my parents dropped me off. I started looking for on-campus mess-hall jobs.

About four days later, I got a telegram at my dorm, asking me to call Len Page at IBMs Boston Programming Center, which turned out to be in Cambridge on the edge of the MIT campus. Telegrams were on their way out, but with no phone and way-before email, they had no better way to reach me quickly.

So, I called Len the next morning and they had me over to interview.

It turned out that they were intrigued by my letter (which IBM had managed to find and forward). They had just decided to take a flyer (a chance, flyer is a part of Dicks unique Dick Speak!) on cheap college students, and I was their first prospect. They offered me an amazing $2.50/hour for ten hours a week, and I took it. Except for a one-semester hiatus my sophomore year after I flunked a course, I stayed with them for four years. I had to go to the local high school administration office to get a work permit, since I was 16 and Massachusetts law assumed that I must be in high school.

IBM did one amazing thing for me that year. I could order any and all manuals at no cost. Over the next four years, I devoured IBM manuals, learning about disk drives, programming languages, software diagnostics, and anything else that struck my fancy. It was a fluke gift that affected the next 20 years of my life. Dick and two of his campus friends, whom he recommended, secured approval to stay on campus over the first summer and continue their work with the Boston IBM office. The next two summers were spent at IBM in Boulder, Colo., where during the second summer he recommended a 1965 classmate from ORHS, Jeff Schmidt, for a position. Jeff was a student at Vanderbilt whose later career was as a professor of computer science at Towson University in Maryland, now retired.

After initially choosing electrical engineering studies at MIT, Dick ultimately declared mathematics for his major course of study. He reported that there was no computer science degree offered at MIT until the year after he graduated in 1969. He said that he benefitted from the many, newly-developed courses in computer science offered during his final undergraduate years. He summarized his collegiate academic experience: I was a mediocre student. A senior year, first semester course in Point-Set Topology put me on academic probation. It was a theory course with true-false tests, which I failed. My parents panicked when they learned of my resultant academic probation for my final term, but my advisor recommended a course that allowed me to graduate. I finished in four years with a 'B-' overall average.

As an afterthought, Dick quipped, My parents didnt want a fifth year of tuition.

Knowing all that Dick has accomplished in the world of computer science, beginning with intense part time work projects throughout his collegiate career, reminds me of so many other computer geeks who took the road less traveled, some even dropping out of higher education to pursue their own tech dreams and opportunities. Instead, Dick kept abreast of the rapidly changing technology world through teaching, research, and corporate computer work, while also completing a Ph.D. in computer science from Stanford in 1974.

He was only nine years out of ORHS and ready for an incredible professional journey, focusing his talents on computer performance and making hardware and software faster. The second part of his story will highlight his many accomplishments and seek his counsel on personal computer security, the state of American education, and how to respond to the challenge of working in such a rapidly changing field.

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Benita has introduced us to Dick Sites and his early experiences starting at age 10 when his computer programming experience began. She took us through Oak Ridge Schools and on to his advanced education. Next Benita will take us to his career choices and significant accomplishments.

If you would like to see Sites oral history, it is online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A47a6Nqa2aM

For those of you who are interested in more details from Dick, here is a link to a talk he gave in 2015: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBu2Ae8-8LM.

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A look back at ORHS grad Dick Sites beginnings, and the world of computers - Oak Ridger