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Quantum computers finally seem to be coming of age with promises of quantum supremacy by the end of the year. But theres a problemvery few people know how to work them.

The bold claim ofachieving "quantum supremacy"came on the back of Google unveiling a new quantum chip design. The hyperbolic phrase essentially means building a quantum device that can perform a calculation impossible for any conventional computer.

In theory, quantum computers can crush conventional ones at important tasks like factoring large numbers. Thats because unlike normal computers, whose bits can either be represented as 0 or 1, a quantum bitor qubitcan be simultaneously 0 and 1 thanks to a phenomenon known as superposition.

Demonstrating this would require thousands of qubits, though, which is well beyond current capabilities. So instead Google plans to compare the computers ability to simulate the behavior of a random arrangement of quantum circuits. They predict it should take 50 qubits to outdo the most powerful supercomputers, a goal they feel they can reach this year.

Clearly the nature of the experiment tips the balance in favor of their chip, but the result would be impressive nonetheless, and could act as a catalyst to spur commercialization of the technology.

This year should also see the first commercial universal quantum computing service go live, with IBM giving customers access to one of its quantum computers over the cloud for a fee. Canadian company D-Wave already provides cloud access to one of its machines, but its quantum computers are not universal, as they can only solve certain optimization problems.

But despite this apparent impetus, the technology has a major challenge to overcome. Programming these devices is much harder than programming conventional computers.

For a start, building algorithms for these machines requires a certain level of understanding about the quantum physics that gives qubits their special properties. While you dont need an advanced physics degree to get your head around it, it is a big departure from traditional computer programming.

Writing in ReadWrite, Dan Rowinski points out, Writing apps that can be translated into some form of qubit-relatable code may require some very different approaches, since among other things, the underlying logic for digital programs may not translate precisely (or at all) to the quantum-computing realm.

And while there are a number of quantum simulators that can run on a laptop for those who want to dip their toes in the water, real quantum computers are likely to behave quite differently. The real challenge is whether you can make your algorithm work on real hardware that has imperfections, Isaac Chuang, an MIT physicist, told Nature.

Convincing programmers to invest the time necessary to learn these skills is going to be tricky until commercial systems are delivering tangible benefits and securing customers, but thats going to be tough if theres no software to run on them.

The companies building these machines recognize this chicken and egg problem, and it is why there is an increasing drive to broaden access to these machines. Before the announcement of the commercial IBMQ service, the company had already released the free Quantum Experience service last year.

Earlier this year, D-Wave open sourced their Qbsolv and Qmasm tools to allow people to start getting to grips with programming its devices, while a pair of Google engineers built a Quantum Computing Playground for people to start investigating the basics of the technology. The company plans to provide access to its devices over the cloud just like IBM.

We dont just want to build these machines, Jerry Chow, the manager of IBMs Experimental Quantum Computing team told Wired. We want to build a framework that allows people to use them.

How easy it will be to translate the skills learned in one of these companies proprietary quantum computing ecosystems to another also remains to be seen, not least because the technology at the heart of them can be dramatically different. This could be a further stumbling block to developing a solid pool of quantum programmers.

Ultimately, the kinds of large-scale quantum computers powerful enough to be usefully put to work on real-world problems are still some years away, so theres no need to panic yet. But as the researchers behind Googles quantum effort note in an article in Nature, this scarcity of programming talent also presents an opportunity for those who move quickly.

If early quantum-computing devices can offer even a modest increase in computing speed or power, early adopters will reap the rewards, they write. Rival companies would face high entry barriers to match the same quality of services and products, because few experts can write quantum algorithms, and businesses need time to tailor new algorithms.

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Quantum Computing Demands a Whole New Kind of Programmer - Singularity Hub

Centimetre-sized chip with nanoscale refrigeration. Credit: Kuan Yen Tan

Quantum computers have been hailed as the computers of the future because of their potential to solve the most complex of problems within a reasonable time frame. What differentiates a quantum computer from a traditional electronic computer is its use of quantum bits (qubits for short) instead of regular bits. A bit can only represent one of two states, either 0 or 1. In contrast, a qubit can represent more than one state 0, or 1, or both 0 and 1. And this is made possible through the quantum quirks known as superpositioning and entanglement. It is this bizarre ability to be in two states at once that makes a quantum computers computational power exceptional, extraordinary and virtually elusive up to now.

In spite of their differences in terms of functioning capabilities, one thing that a conventional computer and a quantum computer have in common is the need to keep both cool enough so their components do not overheat and malfunction or shut down completely. Traditional computers have their cooling fans. For quantum computers, its not as simple.

For starters, qubits must be protected from any kind of external disturbance because a slight interference will mess up the superpositioning state, resulting in errors and negating what a qubit is supposed to be for in the first place. Also, because qubits heat up while performing calculations, theres a need to reset them to their low temperature state or ground state before the next round of calculations can be done. For a quantum computer to be useful at all, it needs a cooling mechanism that can do this job (referred to as initializing) quickly.

This is where the work of Mikko Mttnen and his colleagues comes in. They are claiming that they have built a cooling device specifically designed for a quantum circuit that is capable of quickly initializing quantum devices, thus minimizing the incidence of errors when doing quantum computing.

The nanoscale refrigerator the team invented involves the use of voltage-controllable electron tunnelling to cool a qubit-like superconducting resonator through a two-nanometer-thick insulator. To make it work, current from an external voltage source is applied to electrons, giving them an amount of energy insufficient for direct tunnelling. This forces the electrons to capture the remaining amount of energy needed for tunnelling from the nearby quantum device, thus making the quantum device lose energy and cool down.

To turn off cooling, the external voltage simply needs to be adjusted to zero. In that condition, the electrons wont have enough energy (even if they capture energy from the quantum device) to move through the insulator.

As Mikko Mttnen aptly describes it their refrigerator keeps quanta in order.

Going forward, the team is planning to cool actual qubits, instead of just resonators. They will also work on lowering the minimum achievable temperature and speeding up the on/off switch.

The research was recently published in the journal Nature Communications.

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Scientists Invent Nanoscale Refrigerator For Quantum Computers - Wall Street Pit

The race on quantum technologies is on in a big way. Weve already seen big investments coming from both China and the United States, and now Europe is jumping in on the action too. Last year the European Commission announced its plans to invest 1 billion Euros ($1.1 billion) into quantum mechanic research. However, experts are concerned that partners are reluctant to invest.

A meeting was held by an advisory group steering the Quantum Technology Flagship project on 7 April at the Russian Centre of Science and Culture in London. Here the group gave details of how the project will work which includes exploiting the behavior shown by quantum systems in order to develop new technologies such as ultra-accurate sensors and super-secure communication systems. But is it too little too late? Various other countries are already developing these technologies, including China and the U.S.

Europe cannot afford to miss this train, says Vladmir Buzek, a member of the steering group and physicist at the Research Center for Quantum Information of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava. The industry here is really waiting too long. Launched just last year, this quantum project is a decade-long initiative that will work differently to previous efforts, operating with open calls throughout to ensure flexibility in funding the best researchers. The focus of the European Flagship will be on four distinct areas of quantum technologies: communication, sensing, computing, and simulation.

China is clearly in the lead currently when it comes to quantum communication. They hold the most patents globally in this field with the United States leading to patents involving quantum computers and ultrasensitive sensors. One of the big problems Europe face is the loss of the United Kingdom following the Brexit vote. The project is due to kick off the same year as the United Kingdom are due to exit the European Union (2019). But experts suggest the timing may actually be a good thing and are hopeful the United Kingdom can still participate in some form.

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