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The goal of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening is to detect the constellation of clinical signs that suggest a high risk of progression to retinal detachment so that urgent treatment can be given. At each screening episode, there are 3 considerations: whether urgent treatment is needed, whether follow-up screening is needed, and whether there is no risk of sight-threatening ROP so that the screening can stop. The decisions are based on a detailed examination of the retina focused on the severity (ie, stage), location (ie, zone), and degree of dilation and tortuosity of retinal blood vessels (ie, plus disease). If ROP is not present, the peripheral retina needs to be assessed to determine the degree of maturity of the retinal vessels; if they are mature or ROP detected earlier is definitely regressing, the screening can stop.

Telemedicine with artificial intelligence (AI) image analysis could transform ROP screening, especially in settings with an insufficient supply of ophthalmologists, which can happen either because of absolute workforce shortages

Address correspondence to Clare Gilbert, FRCOphth, MSc, MD, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom. E-mail: clare.gilbert{at}lshtm.ac.uk

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Artificial Intelligence for ROP Screening and to Assess Quality of Care: Progress and Challenges - American Academy of Pediatrics